The Paris Agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the COVID-19 pandemic provide a new context for the evolution of industry and the mitigation of industry greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (high confidence). This chapter is focused on what is new since AR5. It emphasises the energy and emissions intensive basic materials industries and key strategies for reaching net zero emissions. {11.1.1}

Net zero CO2 emissions from the industrial sector are possible but challenging (high confidence) . Energy efficiency will continue to be important. Reduced materials demand, material efficiency, and circular economy solutions can reduce the need for primary production. Primary production options include switching to new processes that use low to zero GHG energy carriers and feedstocks (e.g., electricity, hydrogen, biofuels, and carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) for carbon feedstock), and carbon capture and storage (CCS) for remaining CO2. These options require substantial scaling up of electricity, hydrogen, recycling, CO2, and other infrastructure, as well as phase-out or conversion of existing industrial plants. While improvements in the GHG intensities of major basic materials have nearly stagnated over the last 30 years, analysis of historical technology shifts and newly available technologies indicate these intensities can be reduced to net zero emissions by mid-century. {11.2, 11.3, 11.4}

Whatever metric is used, industrial emissions have been growing faster since 2000 than emissions in any other sector, driven by increased basic materials extraction and production (high confidence). GHG emissions attributed to the industrial sector originate from fuel combustion, process emissions, product use and waste, which jointly accounted for 14.1 GtCO2-eq or 24% of all direct anthropogenic emissions in 2019, second behind the energy transformation sector. Industry is a leading GHG emitter – 20 GtCO2-eq or 34% of global emissions in 2019 – if indirect emissions from power and heat generation are included. The share of emissions originating from direct fuel combustion is decreasing and was 7 GtCO2-eq, 50% of direct industrial emissions in 2019. {11.2.2}

Global material intensity (in-use stock of manufactured capital, in tonnes per unit of GDP is increasing (high confidence). In-use stock of manufactured capital per capita has been growing faster than GDP per capita since 2000. Total global in-use stock of manufactured capital grew by 3.4% yr –1 in 2000–2019. At the same time, per capita material stocks in several developed countries have stopped growing, showing a decoupling from GDP per capita. {11.2.1, 11.3.1}

Plastic is the material for which demand has been growing the strongest since 1970 (high confidence). The current >99% reliance on fossil feedstock, very low recycling, and high emissions from petrochemical processes is a challenge for reaching net zero emissions. At the same time, plastics are important for reducing emissions elsewhere, for example, light-weighting vehicles. There are as yet no shared visions for fossil-free plastics, but several possibilities. {11.4.1.3}

Scenario analyses show that significant cuts in global GHG emissions and even close to net zero emissions from GHG intensive industry (e.g., steel, plastics, ammonia, and cement) can be achieved by 2050 by deploying multiple available and emerging options (medium confidence). Cutting industry emissions significantly requires a reorientation from the historic focus on important but incremental improvements (e.g., energy efficiency) to transformational changes in energy and feedstock sourcing, materials efficiency, and more circular material flows. {11.3, 11.4}

Key climate mitigation options such as materials efficiency, circular material flows and emerging primary processes, are not well represented in climate change scenario modelling and integrated assessment models, albeit with some progress in recent years (high confidence). The character of these interventions (e.g., appearing in many forms across complex value chains, making cost estimates difficult) combined with the limited data on new fossil-free primary processes help explain why they are less represented in models than, for example, CCS. As a result, overall mitigation costs and the need for CCS may be overestimated. {11.4.2.1}

Electrification is emerging as a key mitigation option for industry (high confidence). Electricity is a versatile energy carrier, potentially produced from abundant renewable energy sources or other low carbon options; regional resources and preferences will vary. Using electricity directly, or indirectly via hydrogen from electrolysis for high temperature and chemical feedstock requirements, offers many options to reduce emissions. It also can provide substantial grid balancing services, for example through electrolysis and storage of hydrogen for chemical process use or demand response. {11.3.5}

Carbon is a key building block in organic chemicals, fuels and materials, and will remain important (high confidence). In order to reach net zero CO2 emissions for the carbon needed in society (e.g., plastics, wood, aviation fuels, solvents, etc.), it is important to close the use loops for carbon and carbon dioxide through increased circularity with mechanical and chemical recycling, more efficient use of biomass feedstock with the addition of low GHG hydrogen to increase product yields (e.g., for biomethane and methanol), and potentially direct air capture of CO2 as a new carbon source. {11.3, 11.4.1}

Production costs for very low to zero emissions basic materials may be high but the cost for final consumers and the general economy will be low (medium confidence). Costs and emissions reductions potential in industry, and especially heavy industry, are highly contingent on innovation, commercialisation, and market uptake policy. Technologies exist to take all industry sectors to very low or zero emissions but require 5 to 15 years of intensive innovation, commercialisation, and policy to ensure uptake. Mitigation costs are in the rough range of USD50–150 tCO2-eq –1, with wide variation within and outside this band. This affects competitiveness and requires supporting policy. Although production cost increases can be significant, they translate to very small increases in the costs for final products, typically less than a few percent depending on product, assumptions, and system boundaries. {11.4.1.5}

There are several technological options for very low to zero emissions steel, but their uptake will require integrated material efficiency, recycling, and production decarbonisation policies (high confidence). Material efficiency can potentially reduce steel demand by up to 40% based on design for less steel use, long life, reuse, constructability, and low contamination recycling. Secondary production through high quality recycling must be maximised. Production decarbonisation will also be required, starting with the retrofitting of existing facilities for partial fuel switching (e.g., to biomass or hydrogen), CCU and CCS, followed by very low and zero emissions production based on high-capture CCS or direct hydrogen, or electrolytic iron ore reduction followed by an electric arc furnace. {11.3.2, 11.4.1.1}

There are several current and near-horizon options to greatly reduce cement and concrete emissions. Producer, user, and regulator education, as well as innovation and commercialisation policy are needed (medium confidence). Cement and concrete are currently overused because they are inexpensive, durable, and ubiquitous, and consumption decisions typically do not give weight to their production emissions. Basic material efficiency efforts to use only well-made concrete thoughtfully and only where needed (e.g., using right-sized, prefabricated components) could reduce emissions by 24–50% through lower demand for clinker. Cementitious material substitution with various materials (e.g., ground limestone and calcined clays) can reduce process calcination emissions by up to 50% and occasionally much more. Until a very low GHG emissions alternative binder to Portland cement is commercialised, which does not look promising in the near to medium term, CCS will be essential for eliminating the limestone calcination process emissions for making clinker, which currently represent 60% of GHG emissions in best available technology plants. {11.3.2, 11.3.6, 11.4.1.2}

While several technological options exist for decarbonising the main industrial feedstock chemicals and their derivatives, the costs vary widely (high confidence) . Fossil fuel-based feedstocks are inexpensive and still without carbon pricing, and their biomass- and electricity-based replacements will likely be more expensive. The chemical industry consumes large amounts of hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, carbon monoxide, ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, and mixed xylenes and aromatics from fossil feedstock, and from these basic chemicals produces tens of thousands of derivative end-use chemicals. Hydrogen, biogenic or air-capture carbon, and collected plastic waste for the primary feedstocks can greatly reduce total emissions. Biogenic carbon feedstock is likely to be limited due to competing land uses. {11.4.1.3}

Light industry and manufacturing can be largely decarbonised through switching to low GHG fuels (e.g., biofuels and hydrogen) and electricity (e.g., for electrothermal heating and heat pumps) (high confidence) . Most of these technologies are already mature, for example, for low temperature heat, but a major challenge is the current low cost of fossil methane and coal relative to low and zero GHG electricity, hydrogen, and biofuels. {11.4.1.4}

The pulp and paper industry has significant biogenic carbon emissions but relatively small fossil carbon emissions. Pulp mills have access to biomass residues and by-products and in paper mills the use of process heat at low to medium temperatures allows for electrification (high confidence). Competition for feedstock will increase if wood substitutes for building materials and petrochemicals feedstock. The pulp and paper industry can also be a source of biogenic carbon dioxide and carbon for organic chemicals feedstock and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) using CCS. {11.4.1.4}

The geographical distribution of renewable resources has implications for industry (medium confidence). The potential for zero emission electricity and low-cost hydrogen from electrolysis powered by solar and wind, or hydrogen from other very low emission sources, may reshape where currently energy and emissions intensive basic materials production is located, how value chains are organised, trade patterns, and what gets transported in international shipping. Regions with bountiful solar and wind resources, or low fugitive methane co-located with CCS geology, may become exporters of hydrogen or hydrogen carriers such as methanol and ammonia, or home to the production of iron and steel, organic platform chemicals, and other energy-intensive basic materials. {11.2, 11.4 and Box 11.1}

The level of policy maturity and experience varies widely across the mitigation options (high confidence). Energy efficiency is a well-established policy field with decades of experience from voluntary and negotiated agreements, regulations, energy auditing and demand side-management (DSM) programmes (see AR5). In contrast, materials demand management and efficiency are not well understood and addressed from a policy perspective. Barriers to recycling that policy could address are often specific to the different material loops (e.g., copper contamination for steel and lack of technologies or poor economics for plastics) or waste management systems. For electrification and fuel switching the focus has so far been mainly on innovation and developing technical supply-side solutions rather than creating market demand. {11.5.2, 11.6}

Industry has so far largely been sheltered from the impacts of climate policy and carbon pricing due to concerns for competitiveness and carbon leakage (high confidence). New industrial development policy approaches needed for realising a transition to net zero GHG emissions are emerging. The transition requires a clear direction towards net zero, technology development, market demand for low-carbon materials and products, governance capacity and learning, socially inclusive phase-out plans, as well as international coordination of climate and trade policies. It requires comprehensive and sequential industrial policy strategies leading to immediate action as well as preparedness for future decarbonisation, governance at different levels (from international to local), and integration with other policy domains. {11.6}

The following overview of technical developments and mitigation options which relate to the industrial sector is organised in six equally important strategies: (i) demand for materials, (ii) materials efficiency, (iii) circular economy and industrial waste, (iv) energy efficiency, (v) electrification and fuel switching, and (vi) CCUS, feedstock and biogenic carbon. Each strategy is described in detail, followed by a discussion of possible overlaps and interactions between strategies and how conflicts and synergies can be addressed through integration of the approaches.

This section continues the discussion of the various mitigation options and strategy elements introduced in Section11.3 and makes them explicit for the most relevant industry sectors. For the various sectors, Section11.4.1 concludes with a tabular overview of key technologies and processes, their technology readiness level (TRL), potential timing of market penetration, mitigation potential and assessment of associated mitigation costs.

An integrated sequencing of mature short-term actions and less mature longer-term actions is crucial to avoid lock-in effects. Temporal implementation and discussion of the general quantitative role of the different options to achieve net zero emissions in the industrial sectors is core to the second part of the section (Section 11.4.2), where industry-wide mitigation pathways are analysed. This comprises the collection and discussion of mitigation scenarios available in the literature with a high technological resolution for the industry sector in addition to a set of illustrative global and national GHG mitigation scenarios selected from chapters 3 and 4, representing different GHG mitigation ambitions and different pathways to achieve certain mitigation targets. Comparing technology-focused sector-based scenarios with more top-down-oriented scenario approaches allows for a reciprocal assessment of both perspectives and helps to identify robust elements for the transformation of the sector. Comparison of real-world conditions within the sector (e.g., industry structure and logics, investment cycles, market behaviour, power, and institutional capacity) and the transformative pathways described in the scenarios helps researchers, analysts, governments, and all stakeholders understand the need not only for technological change, but for structural (e.g., new value chains, markets, infrastructures, and sectoral couplings) and behavioural (e.g., design practices and business models) change at multiple levels.

When undergoing a transformative process, it is obvious that interactions occur within the sector but also on a cross-sectoral basis. Relevant interactions are identified and discussed in the third and fourth part of the subsection. Changes are induced along the whole value chain, i.e., switching to an alternative (climate-friendly, e.g., low-GHG hydrogen-based) steel-making process has substantial impacts on the value chain, associated sub-suppliers, and electricity and coal outputs. In addition, cross-sectoral interactions are discussed. This includes feedback loops with other end-use chapters, for example, higher material demand through market penetration of some GHG mitigation technologies or measures (e.g., insulation materials for buildings, steel for windmills) and lower demand through others (e.g., less steel for fossil fuel extraction, transport and processing), or substantial additional demand of critical materials (e.g., the widely varying demands for copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt and rare earths for producing windmills, solar panels, and batteries). Generally, if consumption- (or behaviour-) driven additional material demand creates scarcity it becomes important to increase efforts on material efficiency, substitution, recycling/reuse, and sustainable consumption patterns.

Industrial decarbonisation is technically possible on the mid-century horizon, but requires scale up of technology development and deployment, multi-institutional coordination, and sectoral and national industrial policies with detailed subsectoral and regional mitigation pathways and transparent monitoring and evaluation processes (Åhman et al. 2017; Wesseling et al. 2017; Bataille et al. 2018a; Rissman et al. 2020; Nilsson et al. 2021). Transitions of industrial systems entail innovations, plant and technology phase-outs, changes across and within existing value chains, new sectoral couplings, and large investments in enabling electricity, hydrogen, and other infrastructures. Low-carbon transitions are likely to be contested, non-linear and require a multi-level perspective policy approach that addresses a large spectrum of social, political, cultural and technical changes as well as accompanying phase-out policies, and involve a wide range of actors, including civil society groups, local authorities, labour unions and industry associations e(Geels et al. 2017; Rogge and Johnstone 2017; Yamada and Tanaka 2019; Koasidis et al. 2020). See also Cross-Chapter Box 12.

Deployment of the mitigation options presented in this chapter (Sections11.3 and 11.4) needs support from a mix of policy instruments including: GHG pricing coupled with border adjustments or other economic signals for trade-exposed industries; robust government support for research, development, and deployment; energy, material and emissions standards; recycling policies; sectoral technology roadmaps; market pull policies; and support for new infrastructure (Figure 11.15) ( Flanagan et al. 2011; Rogge et al. 2017; Bataille et al. 2018a; Tvinnereim and Mehling 2018; Creutzig 2019; Bataille 2020a; Rissman et al. 2020). The combination of the above will depend on specific sectoral market barriers, technology maturity, and local political and social acceptance (Hoppmann et al. 2013; Rogge and Reichardt 2016). Industrial decarbonisation policies need to be innovative and definitive about net zero CO2 emissions to trigger the level of investment needed for the profound changes in production, use and recycling of basic materials needed (Nilsson et al. 2021). Inclusive and transparent governance that assesses industry decarbonisation progress, monitors innovation and accountability, and provides regular recommendations for policy adjustments is also important for progressing (Mathy et al. 2016; Bataille 2020a).

The level of policy experience and institutional capacity needed varies widely across the mitigation options. In many countries, energy efficiency is a well-established policy field with decades of experience from voluntary and negotiated agreements, regulations, standards, energy audits, and demand-side management (DSM) programmes (see AR5), but there are also many countries where the application of energy efficiency policy is absent or nascent (see AR5) (Tanaka 2011; Fischedick et al. 2014 a; García-Quevedo and Jové-Llopis 2021; Saunders et al. 2021). The application of DSM and load flexibility will also need to grow with electrification and renewable energy integration.

Materials efficiency and circular economy are not well understood from a policy perspective and were for a long time neglected in low-GHG industry roadmaps although they may represent significant potential (Allwood et al. 2011; Gonzalez Hernandez et al. 2018b; IEA 2019b, 2020a; Calisto Friant et al. 2021; Polverini 2021). Material efficiency is also neglected in products design, architectural and civil engineering education, infrastructure and building codes, and urban planning (Section 5.6) (Braun et al. 2018; Orr et al. 2019). For example, the overuse of steel and concrete in construction is well documented but policies or strategies (e.g., design guidelines or regulation) for improving the situation are lacking (Dunant et al. 2018; Shanks et al. 2019). Various circular economy solutions are gaining interest from policymakers with examples such as regulations and economic incentives for repair and reuse, initiatives to reduce planned obsolescence, and setting targets for recycling. Barriers that policies need to address are often specific to the different material loops (e.g., copper contamination for steel and lack of technologies or poor economics for plastics).

There is also a growing interest from policymakers in electrification and fuel switching but the focus has been mainly on innovation and on developing technical production-side solutions rather than on creating markets for enabling demand for low-carbon products, although the concept of green public procurement is gaining traction. The situation is similar for CCU and CCS. Low-carbon technologies adoption represents an additional cost to producers, and this must be handled through fiscal incentives like tax benefits, GHG pricing, green subsidies, regulation and permit procedures. For example, the 45Q tax credit provides some incentives to reduce investor risk for CCS and attract private investment in the USA (Ochu and Friedmann 2021).

Since industrial decarbonisation is only recently emerging as a policy field there is little international collaboration on facilitation (Oberthür et al. 2021). Given that most key materials markets are global and competitive, unless there is much greater global governance to contribute to the decarbonisation of GHG-intensive industry through intergovernmental and transnational institutions it is questionable that the world will achieve industry decarbonisation by 2050.

As GHG pricing, through GHG taxes or cap and trade schemes, has remained a central avenue for climate policy, this section begins with a review of how the industrial sector has been concerned with these instruments. The rest of the section is then structured into five key topics, following insights on key failures that policy must address to enable and support large-scale transformations as well as the need for complementary mixes of policies to achieve this goal (Weber and Rohracher 2012; Rogge and Reichardt 2016; Grillitsch et al. 2019). The section describes how the need to focus on long-term transitions rather than incremental changes can be managed through the planning and strategising of transition pathways; discusses the role of research, development, and innovation policy; highlights the need for enabling low-carbon demand and market creation; reflects on the necessity of establishing and maintaining a level of knowledge and capacity in the policy domain about the industrial transition challenge; and points to the critical importance of coherence across geographical and policy contexts. The section concludes with a reflection on how different groups of actors needs to take up different parts of the responsibility for mitigating climate change in the industrial sector.

An increasing body of research proposes deep decarbonisation pathways for energy-intensive industries including mitigation options such as materials efficiency, circular economy and new primary processes. These options are under-represented in climate change scenario modelling and integrated assessment models, some of which do not even reflect evolution of demand for basic materials, which is a key driver behind energy consumption and GHG emissions in the industrial sector. As a result, no agreement is reached so far between bottom-up and top-down studies on the effectiveness and costs for many promising mitigation options, their respective roles, sequencing and packaging within various mitigation pathways.

A significant shift is needed from the transition process of the past mainly based on marginal and incremental changes, with a strong focus on energy efficiency efforts, to one grounded in transformational change where there is limited knowledge of how to implement such change effectively.

There is a knowledge gap on comparable, comprehensive, and detailed quantitative information on costs and potentials associated with the mitigation options for deep decarbonisation in industry, as cost estimates are not often comparable due to the regional or country focus, differences in costs metrics, currencies, discount rates, and energy prices across studies and regions.

A very large and important uncertainty is the availability of biomass for deep decarbonisation pathways due to competition for biomass feedstock with other priorities and the extent to which electrification can reduce the demand for bioenergy in the industry, transport and energy sectors.

CCS and CCU are important mitigation options in industry, for which the potentials and costs vary considerably depending on the diversity of industrial processes, the volume and purity of carbon dioxide flows, the energy requirements, the lifetime of utilisation products and the production route.

The effectiveness of mitigation policies in industry is poorly known, as so far the sector has largely been sheltered from the impacts of climate policy due to the concerns of competitiveness and carbon leakage. There is a lack of integration of material efficiency and circularity with energy and climate policies which partly results from the inadequacy of monitored indicators to inform policy debates and set targets, a lack of high-level political focus, a history of strong industrial lobbying, uncoordinated policy across subsectors and institutions, and the sequential nature of decision-making along supply chains.

Industry as a whole is a very complex web of sectors, subsectors and inter-sectoral interactions and dependence, with diverse associated mitigation opportunities and co-benefits and costs. Additional knowledge is needed to understand sectoral interactions in the transformation processes.

Industrial climate mitigation policy is supplemental to many other policy instruments developed to reach multiple industrial goals, for the range of stakeholders with their interest and priorities reflecting the assessment of co-benefits and risk and affecting decision-making processes and behaviour of stakeholders. Better knowledge is needed to identify the co-benefits for the adoption of climate change mitigation strategies.

Abbas, H.F. and Wan Daud, W.M.A., 2010: Hydrogen production by methane decomposition: A review. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35(3) , 1160–1190, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.036.

Abdelaziz, O.Y. et al., 2016: Biological valorization of low molecular weight lignin. Biotechnol. Adv. , 34(8) , 1318–1346, doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.10.001.

Abdul Quader, M.,S. Ahmed, S.Z. Dawal, and Y. Nukman, 2016: Present needs, recent progress and future trends of energy-efficient Ultra-Low Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Steelmaking (ULCOS) program. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 55, 537–549, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.101.

Acworth, W., C. Kardish, and K. Kellner, 2020: Carbon Leakage and Deep Decarbonization: Future-proofing. Carbon Leakage Protection. ICAP, Berlin, Germany, 76 pp.

Agora Energiewende, and Wuppertal Institut, 2019: Climate-Neutral Industry. Key technologies and policy options for steel, chemicals and cement . Executive Summary.

Åhman, M., L.J. Nilsson, and B. Johansson, 2017: Global climate policy and deep decarbonization of energy-intensive industries. Clim. Policy, 17(5) , 634–649, doi:10.1080/14693062.2016.1167009.

Åhman, M., J.B. Skjaerseth, and P.O. Eikeland, 2018: Demonstrating climate mitigation technologies: An early assessment of the NER 300 programme. Energy Policy, 117, 100–107, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.02.032.

Aiginger, K., 2014: Industrial Policy for a sustainable growth path. Vienna, Austria, 33 pp. https://www.oecd.org/economy/Industrial-Policy-for-a-sustainable-growth-path.pdf .

Al Khourdajie, A. and M. Finus, 2020: Measures to enhance the effectiveness of international climate agreements: The case of border carbon adjustments. Eur. Econ. Rev. , 124, 103405, doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103405.

Allan, G., P. McGregor, and K. Swales, 2017: Greening regional development: employment in low-carbon and renewable energy activities. Reg. Stud. , 51(8) , 1270–1280, doi:10.1080/00343404.2016.1205184.

Allwood, J.M., 2018: Unrealistic techno-optimism is holding back progress on resource efficiency. Nat. Mater. , 17(12) , 1050–1051, doi:10.1038/s41563-018-0229-8.

Allwood, J.M., M.F. Ashby, T.G. Gutowski, and E. Worrell, 2011: Material efficiency: A white paper. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 55(3) , 362–381, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.11.002.

Allwood, J.M. et al., 2012: Sustainable materials: With both eyes open. 1st ed. UIT Cambridge, UK, 410 pp.

Altenburg, T. and C. Assman, 2017: Green Industrial Policy: Concepts, Policies, Country Experiences. Geneva, Switerland, Bonn, Germany, 221 pp. https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2017-12/green_industrial_policy_book.pdf .

Alvarez, R.A., S.W. Pacala, J.J. Winebrake, W.L. Chameides, and S.P. Hamburg, 2012: Greater focus needed on methane leakage from natural gas infrastructure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 109(17) , 6435–6440, doi:10.1073/pnas.1202407109.

Alvarez, R.A. et al., 2018: Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science, 361(6398) , pp 186–188, doi:10.1126/science.aar7204.

Amin, A.M., E. Croiset, and W. Epling, 2011: Review of methane catalytic cracking for hydrogen production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36(4) , 2904–2935, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.11.035.

Ampelli, C., S. Perathoner, and G. Centi, 2015: CO2 utilization: an enabling element to move to a resource- and energy-efficient chemical and fuel production. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. , 373(2037) , doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0177.

Andersson, R., H. Stripple, T. Gustafsson, and C. Ljungkrantz, 2019: Carbonation as a method to improve climate performance for cement based material. Cem. Concr. Res. , 124 (July), 105819, doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105819.

Andreoni, A. and H.J. Chang, 2019: The political economy of industrial policy: Structural interdependencies, policy alignment and conflict management. Struct. Change Econ. Dyn. , 48, 136–150, doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2018.10.007.

Andrew, R.M., 2019: Global CO2 emissions from cement production, 1928–2018. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11(4) , 1675–1710, doi:10.5194/essd-11-1675-2019.

Antikainen, M. and K. Valkokari, 2016: A Framework for Sustainable Circular Business Model Innovation. Technol. Innov. Manag. Rev. , 6(7) , 5–12, doi:10.22215/timreview/1000.

Arens, M., E. Worrell, W. Eichhammer, A. Hasanbeigi, and Q. Zhang, 2017: Pathways to a low-carbon iron and steel industry in the medium-term – the case of Germany. J. Clean. Prod. , 163, 84–98, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.097.

Armijo, J. and C. Philibert, 2020: Flexible production of green hydrogen and ammonia from variable solar and wind energy: Case study of Chile and Argentina. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 45(3) , 1541–1558, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.11.028.

Arpagaus, C., F. Bless, M. Uhlmann, J. Schiffmann, and S.S. Bertsch, 2018: High temperature heat pumps: Market overview, state of the art, research status, refrigerants, and application potentials. Energy, 152, 985–1010, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.166.

Arto, I. and E. Dietzenbacher, 2014: Drivers of the growth in global greenhouse gas emissions. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 48(10) , 5388–5394, doi:10.1021/es5005347.

Artz, J. et al., 2018: Sustainable Conversion of Carbon Dioxide: An Integrated Review of Catalysis and Life Cycle Assessment. Chem. Rev. , 118(2) , 434–504, doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00435.

Ashby, M., 2012: Materials and the Environment: Eco-informed Material Choice: 2nd ed. Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Boston, USA 616 pp.

Ashik, U.P.M., W.M.A. Wan Daud, and H.F. Abbas, 2015: Production of greenhouse gas free hydrogen by thermocatalytic decomposition of methane – A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 44, 221–256, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.025.

Axelson, M., I. Robson, G. Khandekar, and T. Wyns, 2018: Breaking through: Industrial Low-CO2 Technologies on the Horizon. Brussels, Belgium, 92 pp. www.ies.be/Breaking-Through_Report_13072018.

Azevedo, J.M.C., A. CabreraSerrenho, and J.M. Allwood, 2018: Energy and material efficiency of steel powder metallurgy. Powder Technol. , 328, 329–336, doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2018.01.009.

Bachmann, M. et al., 2021: Renewable carbon feedstock for polymers: Environmental benefits from synergistic use of biomass and CO2. Faraday Discuss. , 230(0) , 227–246, doi:10.1039/d0fd00134a.

Bailey, I., I. MacGill, R. Passey, and H. Compston, 2012: The fall (and rise) of carbon pricing in Australia: A political strategy analysis of the carbon pollution reduction scheme. Env. Polit. , 21(5), 691–711, doi:10.1080/09644016.2012.705066.

Baker, L., 2018: Of embodied emissions and inequality: Rethinking energy consumption. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. , 36, 52–60, doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.027.

Bamigbetan, O., T.M. Eikevik, P. Nekså, and M. Bantle, 2017: Review of vapour compression heat pumps for high temperature heating using natural working fluids. Int. J. Refrig. , 80, 197–211, doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.04.021.

Banerjee, S., 2021: Conjugation of border and domestic carbon adjustment and implications under production and consumption-based accounting of India’s National Emission Inventory: A recursive dynamic CGE analysis. Struct. Change Econ. Dyn. , 57, 68–86, doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2021.01.007.

Barrett, J. et al., 2013: Consumption-based GHG emission accounting: a UK case study. Clim. Policy, 13(4) , 451–470, doi:10.1080/14693062.2013.788858.

Bartlett, N., T. Coleman, and S. Schmidt, 2021: Putting a Price on Carbon. The state of internal carbon pricing by corporates globally. 23 pp. CDP, London, UK.

Bashmakov, I. and A. Myshak, 2018: “Minus 1” and Energy Costs Constants: Sectorial Implications. J. Energy, 2018, 1–24, doi:10.1155/2018/8962437.

Bashmakov, I. et al., 2021a: CBAM: Implications for the Russian economy Center for Energy Efficiency - XXI Moscow. Moscow, Russia, 22 pp.

Bashmakov, I.A., 2019: Energy efficiency and economic growth. Vopr. Ekon. , 2019(10) , 32–63, doi:10.32609/0042-8736-2019-10-32-63.

Bashmakov, I.A., 2021: Greenhouse gas emissions caused by global steel industry: the past, the present and the future. Ferr. Metall. Bull. Sci., Tech. Econ. Inf. , 77(8) , 882–901, doi:10.32339/0135-5910-2021-9-1071-1086.

Bashmakov, I.A., D.O. Skobelev, K.B. Borisov, and T.V. Guseva, 2021b: Benchmarking systems for greenhouse gases specific emissions in steel industry. Ferr. Metall. Bull. Sci., Tech. Econ. Inf. , 77 (9), 1071–1086, doi:10.32339/0135-5910-2021-9-1071-1086.

Bataille, C., 2020a: Physical and policy pathways to net-zero emissions industry. WIRES Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. , e633(2) , doi:10.1002/wcc.633.

Bataille, C., 2020b: Low and zero emissions in the steel and cement industries: Barriers, technologies and policies. 42 pp. OECD Green Growth Papers, No. 2020/02, OECD Publishing, Paris.

Bataille, C. and N. Melton, 2017: Energy efficiency and economic growth: A retrospective CGE analysis for Canada from 2002 to 2012. Energy Econ. , 64, 118–130, doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2017.03.008.

Bataille, C., and S. Stiebert, 2018: The transition toward very low carbon heavy industry in the Canadian context: Detailed technical and policy analysis and recommendations for the iron & steel, chemicals, forestry products & packaging, and base metal mining & processing sectors. Phase IIof the Canadian Heavy Industry Deep Decarbonization Project. The Industrial Gas Users Association (IGUA). 84 pp.

Bataille, C. et al., 2018a: A review of technology and policy deep decarbonization pathway options for making energy intensive industry production consistent with the Paris Agreement. J. Clean. Prod. , 187, 960–973, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.107.

Bataille, C., C. Guivarch, S. Hallegatte, J. Rogelj, and H. Waisman, 2018b: Carbon prices across countries. Nat. Clim. Change, 8(8) , 648–650, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0239-1.

Bataille, C., L. Nilsson, and F. Jotzo, 2021a: Industry in a net-zero emissions world – uprooting of supply chains, broader policy thinking, and how to model it all. Energy Strateg. Rev. (in press)

Bataille, C., S. Steibert, and F.G.N. Li, 2021b: Global facility level net-zero steel pathways: technical report on the first scenarios of the Net-zero Steel Project , Paris, France, 34 pp.

Bauer, F., 2018: Narratives of biorefinery innovation for the bioeconomy: Conflict, consensus or confusion?Environ. Innov. Soc. Transitions, 28, 96–107, doi:10.1016/j.eist.2018.01.005.

Bauer, F. and L. Fuenfschilling, 2019: Local initiatives and global regimes – Multi-scalar transition dynamics in the chemical industry. J. Clean. Prod. , 216, 172–183, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.140.

Bauer, F. and G. Fontenit, 2021: Plastic dinosaurs – Digging deep into the accelerating carbon lock-in of plastics. Energy Policy, 156, 112418, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112418.

Bauer, F., L. Coenen, T. Hansen, K. McCormick, and Y.V. Palgan, 2017: Technological innovation systems for biorefineries: a review of the literature. Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefining, 11 (3), 534–548, doi:10.1002/bbb.1767.

Bauer, F., T. Hansen and H. Hellsmark, 2018: Innovation in the bioeconomy–dynamics of biorefinery innovation networks. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. , 30(8) , 935–947, doi:10.1080/09537325.2018.1425386.

Bayer, P. and M. Aklin, 2020: The European Union Emissions Trading System reduced CO2 emissions despite low prices. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , 117(16) , 8804–8812, doi:10.1073/pnas.1918128117.

Bazzanella, A. M. and F. Ausfelder, 2017: Technology study: Low carbon energy and feedstock for the European Chemical Industry. 166 pp. DECHEMA Gesellschaft für Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e.V. https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf .

Bergstrom, J.C. and D. Ty, 2017: Economics of Carbon Capture and Storage. In: Recent Advances in Carbon Capture and Storage, InTech. Recent Advances in Carbon Capture and Storage, DOI10.5772/62966, 266 pp.

Bezner Kerr, R., T. Hasegawa, R. Lasco, I. Bhatt, D. Deryng, A. Farrell, H. Gurney-Smith, H. Ju, S. Lluch-Cota, F. Meza, G. Nelson, H. Neufeldt, and P. Thornton, 2021: Food, fibre, and other ecosystem products. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. In press.

BGA, 2020: BlueGreen Alliance | Buy Clean. https://www.bluegreenalliance.org/work-issue/buy-clean/ (Accessed November 29, 2020).

Bicer, Y. and I. Dincer, 2017: Life cycle assessment of nuclear-based hydrogen and ammonia production options: A comparative evaluation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 42(33) , 21559–21570, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.02.002.

Biel, K. and C.H. Glock, 2016: Systematic literature review of decision support models for energy-efficient production planning. Comput. Ind. Eng. , 101, 243–259, doi:10.1016/j.cie.2016.08.021.

Binder, M., and A.K. Blankenberg, 2017: Green lifestyles and subjective well-being: More about self-image than actual behavior?J. Econ. Behav. Organ. , 137, 304–323, doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2017.03.009.

BIR, 2020: World Steel Recycling in Figures2015–2019., Brussels, Belgium, 40 pp. Bureau of International Recycling, Brussels, Belgium.

Birat, J.P., 2012: Sustainability footprint of steelmaking byproducts. Ironmak. Steelmak. , 39(4) , 270–277, doi:10.1179/1743281211Y.0000000054.

Blanco, C., F. Caro and C.J. Corbett, 2016: The state of supply chain carbon footprinting: analysis of CDP disclosures by US firms. J. Clean. Prod. , 135, 1189–1197, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2016.06.132.

Bleischwitz, R., 2020: Mineral resources in the age of climate adaptation and resilience. J. Ind. Ecol. , 24 (2), 291–299, doi:10.1111/jiec.12951.

Bleischwitz, R., V. Nechifor, M. Winning, B. Huang, and Y. Geng, 2018: Extrapolation or saturation – Revisiting growth patterns, development stages and decoupling. Glob. Environ. Change, 48, 86–96, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.008.

BMU, 2021: Eckpunkte für eine Förderrichtlinie Klimaschutzverträge zur Umsetzung des Pilotprogramms “Carbon Contracts for Difference.”5 pp. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (BMU)https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Klimaschutz/ eckpunktepapier_klimaschutzvertraege_ccfd_bf.pdf .

Bonato, D. and R. Orsini, 2017: Urban Circular Economy: The New Frontier for European Cities’ Sustainable Development. In: Sustainable Cities and Communities Design Handbook: Green Engineering, Architecture, and Technology, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, Cambridge, USA. pp. 235–245.

Bonner, M., 2017: An exploration of the opportunities to promote carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the United Nations framework convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 19 pp. Docklands Australia. https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/archive/hub/publications/201643/1706-ccs-opportunities-unfccc-comms-fd.1-fina.pdf .

Boulamanti A., and J.A. Moya Rivera, 2017: Energy efficiency and GHG emissions: Prospective scenarios for the Chemical and Petrochemical Industry. 229 pp. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Petten, The Netherlands.

Boyce, J.K., 2018: Carbon Pricing: Effectiveness and Equity. Ecol. Econ. , 150, 52–61, doi:10.1016/J.ECOLECON.2018.03.030.

BP, 2020: Statistical Review of World Energy. 65 pp. BP, London. https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html.

Branger, F. and P. Quirion, 2014a: Climate policy and the “carbon haven” effect. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change, 5(1) , 53–71, doi:10.1002/wcc.245.

Branger, F., and P. Quirion, 2014b: Would border carbon adjustments prevent carbon leakage and heavy industry competitiveness losses? Insights from a meta-analysis of recent economic studies. Ecol. Econ. , 99, 29–39, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.12.010.

Branger, F., P. Quirion, and J. Chevallier, 2016: Carbon leakage and competitiveness of cement and steel industries under the EU ETS: Much ado about nothing. Energy J. , 37(3) , 109–135, doi:10.5547/01956574.37.3.fbra.

Bratt, C., S. Hallstedt, K.-H. Robèrt, G. Broman, and J. Oldmark, 2013: Assessment of criteria development for public procurement from a strategic sustainability perspective. J. Clean. Prod. , 52, 309–316, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2013.02.007.

Braun, A., P. Kleine-Moellhoff, V. Reichenberger, and S. Seiter, 2018: Case Study Analysing Potentials to Improve Material Efficiency in Manufacturing Supply Chains, Considering Circular Economy Aspects. Sustainability, 10(3) , 880, doi:10.3390/su10030880.

Brécard, D., 2014: Consumer confusion over the profusion of eco-labels: Lessons from a double differentiation model. Resour. Energy Econ. , 37, 64–84, doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2013.10.002.

Breyer, C., E. Tsupari, V. Tikka, and P. Vainikka, 2015: Power-to-Gas as an Emerging Profitable Business Through Creating an Integrated Value Chain. Energy Procedia, 73, 182–189, doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.668.

Breyer, C., M. Fasihi, C. Bajamundi, and F. Creutzig, 2019: Direct Air Capture of CO2: A Key Technology for Ambitious Climate Change Mitigation. Joule, 3(9) , 2053–2057, doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.08.010.

Brinkerhoff, P. and GLDNV, 2015: Industrial Decarbonisation & Energy Efficiency Roadmaps to 2050: Cement . 94 pp. Report prepared for UK Department of Energy and Climate Change and Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. WSP and Parsons Brinckerhoff and DNV GL, New York, USA and Bærum, Norway. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/416674/Cement_Report.pdf .

Bruhn, T., H. Naims, and B. Olfe-Kräutlein, 2016: Separating the debate on CO2 utilisation from carbon capture and storage. Environ. Sci. Policy, 60, 38–43, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2016.03.001.

Brynolf, S., M. Taljegard, M. Grahn, and J. Hansson, 2018: Electrofuels for the transport sector: A review of production costs. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 81, 1887–1905, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.288.

Bühler, F., S. Petrović, K. Karlsson, and B. Elmegaard, 2017: Industrial excess heat for district heating in Denmark. Appl. Energy, 205 (August), 991–1001, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.032.

Burritt, R. and S. Schaltegger, 2014: Accounting towards sustainability in production and supply chains. Br. Account. Rev. , 46(4) , 327–343, doi:10.1016/j.bar.2014.10.001.

Busch, J., T.J. Foxon, and P.G. Taylor, 2018: Designing industrial strategy for a low carbon transformation. Environ. Innov. Soc. Transitions, 29, 114–125, doi:10.1016/j.eist.2018.07.005.

Cabrera Serrenho, A., M. Drewniok, C. Dunant, and J.M. Allwood, 2019: Testing the greenhouse gas emissions reduction potential of alternative strategies for the English housing stock. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 144, 267–275, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.02.001.

California Climate Investments, 2020: Annual Report to the Legislature on California Climate Investments Using Cap-and-Trade Auction Proceeds, Sacramento, CA, 126 pp. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/auction- proceeds/2020_cci_annual_report.pdf .

Calisto Friant, M., W.J.V. Vermeulen, and R. Salomone, 2021: Analysing European Union circular economy policies: words versus actions. Sustain. Prod. Consum. , 27, 337–353, doi:10.1016/j.spc.2020.11.001.

Cambridge Econometrics, Trinomics and ICF, 2018: Impacts of circular economy policies on the labour market . 78 pp. https://www.camecon.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Circular-Economy-DG-Env-final-report.pdf .

Cao, Z., L. Shen, A.N. Løvik, D.B. Müller, and G. Liu, 2017: Elaborating the History of Our Cementing Societies: An in-Use Stock Perspective. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 51(19) , 11468–11475, doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b03077.

Cao, Z. et al., 2018: A Probabilistic Dynamic Material Flow Analysis Model for Chinese Urban Housing Stock. J. Ind. Ecol. , 22(2) , 377–391, doi:10.1111/jiec.12579.

Cao, Z., G. Liu, S. Zhong, H. Dai, and S. Pauliuk, 2019: Integrating Dynamic Material Flow Analysis and Computable General Equilibrium Models for Both Mass and Monetary Balances in Prospective Modeling: A Case for the Chinese Building Sector. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 53 (1), 224–233, doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b03633.

Cao, Z. et al., 2020: The sponge effect and carbon emission mitigation potentials of the global cement cycle. Nat. Commun. , 11(1) , 3777, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17583-w.

Carayannis, E.G. and D.F.J. Campbell, 2019: Smart Quintuple Helix Innovation Systems. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 51–54 pp.

Carl, J. and D. Fedor, 2016: Tracking global carbon revenues: A survey of carbon taxes versus cap-and-trade in the real world. Energy Policy, 96, 50–77, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.05.023.

Carratù, M., B. Chiarini, and P. Piselli, 2020: Effects of European emission unit allowance auctions on corporate profitability. Energy Policy, 144, 111584, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111584.

CAT, 2020: Paris Agreement Compatible Sectoral Benchmark. 67 pp. https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/753/CAT_2020-07-10_Paris AgreementBenchmarks_FullReport.pdf .

Cavaliere, P., 2019: Electrolysis of Iron Ores: Most Efficient Technologies for Greenhouse Emissions Abatement. In: Clean Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 555–576.

CDIAC, 2017: CDIAC Fossil-Fuel CO2Emissions. PA, USA. https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/emis/tre_glob_2014.html (Accessed December 20, 2019).

CDP, 2019: Cascading commitments: driving ambitious action through supply chain engagement . New York, USA, 39 pp. https://cdn.cdp.net/cdp-production/cms/reports/documents/000/004/072/original/CDP_Supply_Chain_Report_2019.pdf?1550490556. (Accessed December 16, 2019).

Celadyn, W., 2014: Durability of buildings and sustainable architecture. Working paper from Technical Transactions Architecture, 7-A, 17–26 pp.https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Durability-of-buildings-and-sustainable-Celadyn/b0ddee2a11b8fd6e573f804924d02f89ffbc7b7b

CEMBUREAU, 2020: Cementing the European Green Deal. Brussels, Belgium, 7 pp. https://cembureau.eu/media/kuxd32gi/cembureau-2050-roadmap_final-version_web.pdf .

Champier, D., 2017: Thermoelectric generators: A review of applications. Energy Convers. Manag. , 140, 167–181, doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.02.070.

Chan, E. et al., 2020: Eight-Year Estimates of Methane Emissions from Oil and Gas Operations in Western Canada Are Nearly Twice Those Reported in Inventories. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 54(23) , 14899–14909, doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c04117.

Chan, Y. and R. Kantamaneni, 2016: Study of Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving Potential in Industry and on Possible Policy Mechanisms. London, UK, 456 pp. https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2016-01/151201% 2520DG%2520ENER%2520Industrial%2520EE%2520study%2520-%2520final%2520report_clean_stc_0.pdf . (Accessed August 28, 2021).

Chastas, P., T. Theodosiou, and D. Bikas, 2016: Embodied energy in residential buildings-towards the nearly zero energy building: A literature review. Build. Environ. , 105, 267–282, doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.05.040.

Chatziaras, N., C.S. Psomopoulos, and N.J. Themelis, 2016: Use of waste derived fuels in cement industry: a review. Manag. Environ. Qual. An Int. J. , 27 (2), 178–193, doi:10.1108/MEQ-01-2015-0012.

Cheng, W., A. Appolloni, A. D’Amato, and Q. Zhu, 2018: Green Public Procurement, missing concepts and future trends – A critical review. J. Clean. Prod. , 176, 770–784, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2017.12.027.

Chiappinelli, O. et al., 2019: Inclusive transformation of the European materials sector. Climate Strategies, London, UK. 29 pp. https://climatestrategies.org/publication/inclusive-transformat ion-materials/.

Chrobak, U., 2021: Corporate Climate Pledges Pile Up—Will It Matter?Engineering, 7 (8), 1044–1046, doi:10.1016/j.eng.2021.06.011.

CIEL, 2017: How Fracked Gas, Cheap Oil, and Unburnable Coal are Driving the Plastics Boom., Washington, DC., 9 pp. https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Fueling-Plastics-How-Fracked-Gas-Cheap-Oil-and-Unburnable-Coal-are-Driving-the-Plastics-Boom.pdf .

Circle Economy, 2020: Circularity gap report 2020. The Hague, Netherlands, 69 pp. https://assets.website-files.com/5e185aa4d27bcf348400ed82/5e26 ead616b6d1d157ff4293_20200120%20-%20CGR%20Global%20- %20Report%20web%20single%20page%20-%20210x297mm%20-%20compressed.pdf . (Accessed December 18, 2020).

Climact, 2018: Net zero by 2050: from whether to how – zero emissions pathways to the Europe we want . The Hague, The Netherlands, 68 pp. https://europeanclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/09-18-net-zero-by-2050-from-whether-to-how.pdf . (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Cohen, M.A., and M.P. Vandenbergh, 2012: The potential role of carbon labeling in a green economy. Energy Econ. , 34, S53–S63, doi:10.1016/J.ENECO.2012.08.032.

Cosbey, A.,S. Droege, C. Fischer, and C. Munnings, 2019: Developing Guidance for Implementing Border Carbon Adjustments: Lessons, Cautions, and Research Needs from the Literature. Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy, 13 (1), 3–22, doi:10.1093/reep/rey020.

Costantini, V., F. Crespi, and E. Paglialunga, 2018: The employment impact of private and public actions for energy efficiency: Evidence from European industries. Energy Policy, 119, 250–267, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.035.

Craglia, M. and J. Cullen, 2020: Modelling transport emissions in an uncertain future: What actions make a difference?Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. , 89, 102614, doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102614.

Creutzig, F., 2019: The Mitigation Trinity: Coordinating Policies to Escalate Climate Mitigation. One Earth, 1(1) , 76–85, doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2019.08.007.

Crijns-Graus, W., H. Yue, S. Zhang, K. Kermeli, and E. Worrell, 2020: Energy Efficiency Improvement Opportunities in the Global Industrial Sector. In: Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials, Elsevier, Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA, pp. 377–388.

Crippa, M. et al., 2021: EDGAR v6.0 Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Eur. Comm. Jt. Res. Cent. [Dataset], doi:http://data.europa.eu/89h/97a67d67-c62e-4826-b873-9d972c4f670b.

Cuéllar-Franca, R.M. and A. Azapagic, 2015: Carbon capture, storage and utilisation technologies: A critical analysis and comparison of their life cycle environmental impacts. J. CO2Util. , 9, 82–102, doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2014.12.001.

Cullen, J. M. and J. M. Allwood, 2013: Mapping the global flow of aluminum: From liquid aluminum to end-use goods. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 47(7) , 3057–3064, doi:10.1021/es304256s.

D’Alessandro, A. et al., 2016: Innovative concretes for low-carbon constructions: a review. Int. J. Low-Carbon Technol. , 12(3), 289–309, doi:10.1093/ijlct/ctw013.

D’Amato, D., J. Korhonen, and A. Toppinen, 2019: Circular, Green, and Bio Economy: How Do Companies in Land-Use Intensive Sectors Align with Sustainability Concepts?Ecol. Econ. , 158 (January), 116–133, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.12.026.

Daehn, K.E., A. Cabrera Serrenho, and J.M. Allwood, 2017: How Will Copper Contamination Constrain Future Global Steel Recycling?Environ. Sci. Technol. , 51(11) , 6599–6606, doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00997.

Daggash, H.A. et al., 2018: Closing the carbon cycle to maximise climate change mitigation: power-to-methanol vs. power-to-direct air capture. Sustain. Energy Fuels, 2(6) , 1153–1169, doi:10.1039/C8SE00061A.

Daniel Posen, I., P. Jaramillo, A.E. Landis, and W. Michael Griffin, 2017: Greenhouse gas mitigation for U.S. plastics production: Energy first, feedstocks later. Environ. Res. Lett. , 12(3) , 034024, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa60a7.

Darnall, N., C. Ponting, and D.A. Vazquez-Brust, 2012: Why Consumers Buy Green. In: Green Growth: Managing the Transition to a Sustainable Economy, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 287–308.

Das, S., 2021: The quest for low carbon aluminum: Developing a sustainability index. Light Met. Age, 79(1) , 34–43.

Davidson, M.G., R.A. Furlong, and M.C. McManus, 2021: Developments in the life cycle assessment of chemical recycling of plastic waste – A review. J. Clean. Prod. , 293, 126163, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126163.

Davis, S.J. et al., 2018: Net-zero emissions energy systems. Science. , 360 (6396), doi:10.1126/science.aas9793.

Dawkins, E. et al., 2019: Advancing sustainable consumption at the local government level: A literature review. J. Clean. Prod. , 231, 1450–1462, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.176.

de la Rue du Can, S. et al., 2019: Modeling India’s energy future using a bottom-up approach. Appl. Energy, 238, 1108–1125, doi:10.1016/J.APENERGY.2019.01.065.

De Luna, P. et al., 2019: What would it take for renewably powered electrosynthesis to displace petrochemical processes?Science, 364(6438) , eaav3506, doi:10.1126/science.aav3506.

de-Magistris, T. and A. Gracia, 2016: Consumers’ willingness-to-pay for sustainable food products: the case of organically and locally grown almonds in Spain. J. Clean. Prod. , 118, 97–104, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2016.01.050.

Dean, C.C., J. Blamey, N.H. Florin, M.J. Al-Jeboori, and P.S. Fennell, 2011: The calcium looping cycle for CO2 capture from power generation, cement manufacture and hydrogen production. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. , 89(6) , 836–855, doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2010.10.013.

Deason, J., M. Wei, G. Leventis, S. Smith, and L. Schwartz, 2018: Electrification of buildings and industry in the United States. Berkeley, USA, 65 pp.http://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/electrification_of_buildings_and_industry_final_0.pdf . (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Denis-Ryan, A., C. Bataille, and F. Jotzo, 2016: Managing carbon-intensive materials in a decarbonizing world without a global price on carbon. Clim. Policy, 16(sup1) , S110–S128, doi:10.1080/14693062.2016.1176008.

De Smet, M. and M. Linder, 2019: A circular economy for plastics – Insights from research and innovation to inform policy and funding decisions. Brussels, Belgium, 239 pp. https://www.hbm4eu.eu/wp-content/uploads/ 2019/03/2019_RI_Report_A-circular-economy-for-plastics.pdf . (Accessed December 15, 2019).

Detz, R.J. and B. van der Zwaan, 2019: Transitioning towards negative CO2 emissions. Energy Policy, 133 (January), 110938, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110938.

DGS, 2020: Buy Clean California Act – Department of General Services (DGS), CA, USA. https://www.dgs.ca.gov/PD/Resources/Page-Content/Procurement-Division-Resources-List-Folder/Buy-Clean-California-Act . (Accessed October 29, 2021).

Dhandra, T.K., 2019: Achieving triple dividend through mindfulness: More sustainable consumption, less unsustainable consumption and more life satisfaction. Ecol. Econ. , 161, 83–90, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.03.021.

Dhar, S., M. Pathak, and P.R. Shukla, 2020: Transformation of India’s steel and cement industry in a sustainable 1.5°C world. Energy Policy, 137, 111104, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111104.

Di Foggia, G., 2018: Energy efficiency measures in buildings for achieving sustainable development goals. Heliyon, 4(11) , e00953, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00953.

Dimitriou, I. et al., 2015: Carbon dioxide utilisation for production of transport fuels: process and economic analysis. Energy Environ. Sci. , 8(6) , 1775–1789, doi:10.1039/C4EE04117H.

Ding, J. and W. Hua, 2012: Featured chemical industrial parks in China: History, current status and outlook. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 63, 43–53, doi:10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2012.03.001.

Dodman, D., B. Hayward, M. Pelling, V. Castan Broto, W. Chow, E. Chu, R. Dawson, L. Khirfan, T. McPhearson, A. Prakash, Y. Zheng, and G. Ziervogel, 2022: Cities, Settlements and Key Infrastructure. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. In press.

Dogu, O. et al., 2021: The chemistry of chemical recycling of solid plastic waste via pyrolysis and gasification: State-of-the-art, challenges, and future directions. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 84, 100901. doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2020.100901

Domenech, T. and B. Bahn-Walkowiak, 2019: Transition Towards a Resource Efficient Circular Economy in Europe: Policy Lessons From the EU and the Member States. Ecol. Econ. , 155, 7–19, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.001.

Dong, H., Y. Geng, X. Yu, and J. Li, 2018: Uncovering energy saving and carbon reduction potential from recycling wastes: A case of Shanghai in China. J. Clean. Prod. , 205, 27–35, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.343.

Dunant, C.F., M.P. Drewniok, S. Eleftheriadis, J.M. Cullen, and J.M. Allwood, 2018: Regularity and optimisation practice in steel structural frames in real design cases. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 134, 294–302, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.01.009.

Durán-Romero, G. et al., 2020: Bridging the gap between circular economy and climate change mitigation policies through eco-innovations and Quintuple Helix Model. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, 160, 120246, doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120246.

Eames, M., W. McDowall, M. Hodson, and S. Marvin, 2006: Negotiating contested visions and place-specific expectations of the hydrogen economy. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. , 18(3–4) , 361–374, doi:10.1080/09537320600777127.

Ebrahimi, A. et al., 2017: Sustainable transformation of fly ash industrial waste into a construction cement blend via CO2 carbonation. J. Clean. Prod. , 156, 660–669, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.037.

Edgar, T.F. and E.N. Pistikopoulos, 2018: Smart manufacturing and energy systems. Comput. Chem. Eng. , 114, 130–144, doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2017.10.027.

Eicke, L., S. Weko, M. Apergi, and A. Marian, 2021: Pulling up the carbon ladder? Decarbonization, dependence, and third-country risks from the European carbon border adjustment mechanism. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. , 80, 102240, doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102240.

Ellis, J., D. Nachtigall, and F. Venmans, 2019: Carbon pricing and competitiveness: Are they at odds?OECD Publishing, Paris, France, 25 pp. (Accessed August 27, 2021).

Elshkaki, A., T.E. Graedel, L. Ciacci, and B.K. Reck, 2018: Resource Demand Scenarios for the Major Metals. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 52(5) , 2491–2497, doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b05154.

Energy Transitions Commission, 2018: Mission Possible: Reaching net-zero carbon emissions from harder-to-abate sectors by mid-century. London, UK, 171 pp. http://www.energy-transitions.org/sites/default/files/ETC_Mission Possible_FullReport.pdf . (Accessed March 27, 2021).

ERIA, 2016: Exploring Energy-Saving Potential for Industrial Sector Using Factory, Energy Management System. In: Study on the Advancement of the Energy Management System in the East Asia Summit Region ERIA Research Project Report 2015 17[Iida, Y., S. Inoue, and Y. Li, (eds.)], pp. 19–52.

Erickson, P., S. Kartha, M. Lazarus, and K. Tempest, 2015: Assessing carbon lock-in. Environ. Res. Lett. , 10(8) , 084023, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/084023.

Ericsson, K., 2017: Biogenic carbon dioxide as feedstock for production of chemicals and fuels: A techno-economic assessment with a European perspective. Environmental and Energy System Studies, Lund, Sweden, 47 pp. https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/biogenic-carbon-dioxide-as-feedstock-for-production-of-chemicals-and-fuels(67d3a737-cf7c-4109-bc4f-a6346956d6a2).html. (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Ericsson, K. and L.J. Nilsson, 2018: Climate innovations in the paper industry: Prospects for decarbonisation. REINVENT project, Lund, Sweden, 33 pp. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59f0cb986957da5faf64971e/t/5dc1acfb29bc520c15c858fc/1572973823092/%28updated%29D2.4+Climate+innovations+in+the+paper+industry.pdf . (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Eriksson, L., M. Morandin, and S. Harvey, 2018: A feasibility study of improved heat recovery and excess heat export at a Swedish chemical complex site. Int. J. Energy Res. , 42(4) , 1580–1593, doi:10.1002/er.3950.

EUROFER, 2019: Low Carbon Roadmap. Pathways to a CO2-neutral European Steel Industry., Brussels, Belgium, 18 pp. https://www.eurofer.eu/assets/Uploads/EUROFER-Low-Carbon-Roadmap-Pathways-to-a-CO2-neutral-European-Steel-Industry.pdf .

European Commission, 2016: Buying Green! A handbook on green public procurement. [Comprando verde! Un manual de Compras Públicas Verdes]. 3rd ed., Brussels, Belgium.

European Commission, 2018: A Clean Planet for all – A European long-term strategic vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy. Brussles, Belgium, 25 pp. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0773&from=EN. (Accessed December 15, 2019).

European Commission, 2020: A new Circular Economy Action Plan., Brussels, Belgium., 20 pp. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ ?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM :2020:98:FIN.

European Commission, 2021: Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL establishing a carbon border adjustment mechanism. Brussels, Belgium.

Eyre, N., 2021: From using heat to using work: reconceptualising the zero carbon energy transition. Energy Effic. , 14(7) , 77, doi:10.1007/s12053-021-09982-9.

Fan, J.-L., M. Xu, F. Li, L. Yang, and X. Zhang, 2018: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) retrofit potential of coal-fired power plants in China: The technology lock-in and cost optimization perspective. Appl. Energy, 229, 326–334, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.07.117.

Fan, Z. and S.J. Friedmann, 2021: Low-carbon production of iron and steel: Technology options, economic assessment, and policy. Joule, 5 (4), 829–862, doi:10.1016/j.joule.2021.02.018.

Fang, H., J. Xia, and Y. Jiang, 2015: Key issues and solutions in a district heating system using low-grade industrial waste heat. Energy, 86, 589–602, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.04.052.

Fankhauser, S. and F. Jotzo, 2018: Economic growth and development with low-carbon energy. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change, 9(1) , e495, doi:10.1002/wcc.495.

Faria, J.A., 2021: Renaissance of ammonia synthesis for sustainable production of energy and fertilizers. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 29, 100466. 10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100466.

Fasihi, M., D. Bogdanov, and C. Breyer, 2017: Long-Term Hydrocarbon Trade Options for the Maghreb Region and Europe—Renewable Energy Based Synthetic Fuels for a Net Zero Emissions World. Sustainability, 9 (2), 306, doi:10.3390/su9020306.

Fasihi, M., O. Efimova, and C. Breyer, 2019: Techno-economic assessment of CO2 direct air capture plants. J. Clean. Prod. , 224, 957–980, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.086.

Fasihi, M., R. Weiss, J. Savolainen, and C. Breyer, 2021: Global potential of green ammonia based on hybrid PV-wind power plants. Appl. Energy, 294, 116170, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116170.

Fawkes, S., K. Oung, and D. Thorpe, 2016: Best Practices and Case Studies for Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement – An Introduction for Policy Makers. Copenhagen, Denmark, 171 pp. https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/file/31409/download?token=kOYq7O5T.

Fechner, T. and C. Kray, 2012: Attacking location privacy. Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing - UbiComp ’12, New York, NY, USA, ACM Press, 95–98.

Ferrero, R., M. Collotta, M.V. Bueno-Delgado, and H.C. Chen, 2020: Smart management energy systems in industry 4.0. Energies, 13 (2), 382, doi:10.3390/en13020382.

Feucht, Y. and K. Zander, 2018: Consumers’ preferences for carbon labels and the underlying reasoning. A mixed methods approach in 6 European countries. J. Clean. Prod. , 178, 740–748, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2017.12.236.

Finnveden, G. et al., 2009: Recent developments in Life Cycle Assessment. J. Environ. Manage. , 91(1) , 1–21, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.06.018.

Fischedick, M., J. Roy, A. Abdel-Aziz, A. Acquaye, J.M. Allwood, J.-P. Ceron, Y. Geng, H. Kheshgi, A. Lanza, D. Perczyk, L. Price, E. Santalla, C. Sheinbaum, and K. Tanaka, 2014: Industry. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 739–810.

Fischedick, M., J. Marzinkowski, P. Winzer, and M. Weigel, 2014b: Techno-economic evaluation of innovative steel production technologies. J. Clean. Prod. , 84(1) , 563–580, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.05.063.

Flanagan, K., E. Uyarra, and M. Laranja, 2011: Reconceptualising the “policy mix” for innovation. Res. Policy, 40(5) , 702–713, doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.02.005.

Fowlie, M., C. Petersen, and M. Reguant, 2021: Border Carbon Adjustments When Carbon Intensity Varies across Producers: Evidence from California. AEA Pap. Proc. , 111, 401–405, doi:10.1257/pandp.20211073.

Friedmann, J., Fan, Z and Tang, K. (2019): Low-Carbon Heat Solutions for Heavy Industry: Sources, Options, and Costs Today (Centre on Global Energy Policy). New York, NY, USA 98 pp.

Fukushima, M. and Y. I. Yoshizawa, 2016: Fabrication of highly porous honeycomb-shaped mullite-zirconia insulators by gelation freezing. Adv. Powder Technol. , 27 (3), 908–913, doi:10.1016/j.apt.2016.02.015.

Fuso Nerini, F. et al., 2019: Connecting climate action with other Sustainable Development Goals. Nat. Sustain, 2(8) , 674–680, doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0334-y.

Gadema, Z. and D. Oglethorpe, 2011: The use and usefulness of carbon labelling food: A policy perspective from a survey of UK supermarket shoppers. Food Policy, 36(6) , 815–822, doi:10.1016/J.FOODPOL.2011.08.001.

Gambhir, A. et al., 2017: The contribution of non-CO2 greenhouse gas mitigation to achieving long-term temperature goals. Energies, 10(5) , 602, doi:10.3390/en10050602.

Garcia-Muiña, F.E., R. González-Sánchez, A.M. Ferrari, and D. Settembre-Blundo, 2018: The paradigms of Industry 4.0 and circular economy as enabling drivers for the competitiveness of businesses and territories: The case of an Italian ceramic tiles manufacturing company. Soc. Sci. , 7(12) , 255, doi:10.3390/socsci7120255.

García-Quevedo, J. and E. Jové-Llopis, 2021: Environmental policies and energy efficiency investments. An industry-level analysis. Energy Policy, 156, 112461, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112461.

Gardarsdottir, S. et al., 2019: Comparison of Technologies for CO2Capture from Cement Production—Part 2: Cost Analysis. Energies, 12(3) , 542, doi:10.3390/en12030542.

Garrett-Peltier, H., 2017: Green versus brown: Comparing the employment impacts of energy efficiency, renewable energy, and fossil fuels using an input-output model. Econ. Model. , 61, 439–447, doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2016.11.012.

Gayner, C. and K. K. Kar, 2016: Recent advances in thermoelectric materials. Prog. Mater. Sci. , 83, 330–382, doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.07.002.

GCCA, 2021a: The GCCA 2050 Cement and Concrete Industry Roadmap for Net Zero Concrete. London, UK, 46 pp. https://gccassociation.org/concretefuture/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/GCCA-Concrete-Future-Roadmap-Document-AW.pdf . Accessed 1 November 2021.

GCCA, 2021b: GNR – GCCA in Numbers. https://gccassociation.org/sustainability-innovation/gnr-gcca-in-numbers/ (Accessed August 27, 2021).

Geels, F.W., B.K. Sovacool, T. Schwanen, and S. Sorrell, 2017: The Socio-Technical Dynamics of Low-Carbon Transitions. Joule, 1(3) , 463–479, doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.09.018.

Geng, Y., and B. Doberstein, 2008: Greening government procurement in developing countries: Building capacity in China. J. Environ. Manage. , 88(4) , 932–938, doi:10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2007.04.016.

Geng, Y., J. Fu, J. Sarkis, and B. Xue, 2012: Towards a national circular economy indicator system in China: An evaluation and critical analysis. J. Clean. Prod. , 23(1) , 216–224, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.07.005.

Geng, Y., J. Sarkis, S. Ulgiati, and P. Zhang, 2013: Measuring China’s circular economy. Science, 340(6127) , 1526–1527, doi:10.1126/science.1227059.

Geng, Y., J. Sarkis, and R. Bleischwitz, 2019: How to globalize the circular economy. Nature, 565 (7738), 153–155, doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00017-z.

Genovese, A., A.A. Acquaye, A. Figueroa, and S.C.C.L. Koh, 2017: Sustainable supply chain management and the transition towards a circular economy: Evidence and some applications. Omega (UK) , 66, 344–357, doi:10.1016/j.omega.2015.05.015.

Gerbert, P. et al., 2018: Klimapfade für Deutschland (Climate paths for Germany). BCG and Prognos. Berlin, Germany, 286 pp. https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Presse_und_MedienPublikationen/2018/ Januar/Klimapfade_fuer_Deutschland_BDI-Studie_/Klimapfade-fuer-Deutschland-BDI-Studie-12-01-2018.pdf . (Accessed December 18, 2019).

Geyer, R., J.R. Jambeck, and K.L. Law, 2017: Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci. Adv. , 3(7) , doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700782.

Ghisellini, P., C. Cialani, and S. Ulgiati, 2016: A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. J. Clean. Prod. , 114, 11–32, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2015.09.007.

Ghisetti, C., 2017: Demand-pull and environmental innovations: Estimating the effects of innovative public procurement. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, 125, 178–187, doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2017.07.020.

Giannaris, S., C. Bruce, B. Jacobs, W. Srisang, and D. Janowczyk, 2020: Implementing a second generation CCS facility on a coal fired power station – results of a feasibility study to retrofit SaskPower’s Shand power station with CCS. Greenh. Gases Sci. Technol. , 10(3) , 506–518, doi:10.1002/ghg.1989.

Gielen, D., D. Saygin, E. Taibi, and J. Birat, 2020: Renewables‐based decarbonization and relocation of iron and steel making: A case study. J. Ind. Ecol. , 24(5) , 1113–1125, doi:10.1111/jiec.12997.

Gillingham, K., S. Carattini, and D. Esty, 2017: Lessons from first campus carbon-pricing scheme. Nature, 551(7678) , 27–29, doi:10.1038/551027a.

Glenk, G. and S. Reichelstein, 2019: Economics of converting renewable power to hydrogen. Nat. Energy, 4(3) , 216–222, doi:10.1038/s41560-019-0326-1.

Gogate, M. R., 2019: Methanol-to-olefins process technology: current status and future prospects. Pet. Sci. Technol. , 37(5) , 559–565, doi:10.1080/10916466.2018.1555589.

Gonzalez Hernandez, A., S. Cooper-Searle, A.C.H. Skelton, and J.M. Cullen, 2018a: Leveraging material efficiency as an energy and climate instrument for heavy industries in the EU. Energy Policy, 120, 533–549, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.05.055.

Gonzalez Hernandez, A., L. Paoli, and J.M. Cullen, 2018b: How resource-efficient is the global steel industry?Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 133, 132–145, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.02.008.

Govindan, K., 2018: Sustainable consumption and production in the food supply chain: A conceptual framework. Int. J. Prod. Econ. , 195, 419–431, doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2017.03.003.

Graedel, T.E. et al., 2011: Recycling rates of metals: a status report . Paris, France, 44 pp.

Graedel, T.E., E.M. Harper, N.T. Nassar, and B.K. Reck, 2015: On the materials basis of modern society. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 112(20) , 6295–6300, doi:10.1073/pnas.1312752110.

Grainger, C.A. and C.D. Kolstad, 2010: Who Pays a Price on Carbon?Environ. Resour. Econ. , 46(3) , 359–376, doi:10.1007/s10640-010-9345-x.

Grillitsch, M., T. Hansen, L. Coenen, J. Miörner, and J. Moodysson, 2019: Innovation policy for system-wide transformation: The case of strategic innovation programmes (SIPs) in Sweden. Res. Policy, 48(4) , 1048–1061, doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.004.

Grubb, M., Hourcade J. and Neuhoff K., 2014: Planetary Economics. Routledge, Oxfordshire, UK, 548 pp.

Grubler, A. et al., 2018: A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5°C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies. Nat. Energy, 3(6) , 515–527, doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0172-6.

Guenther, M., C.M. Saunders, and P.R. Tait, 2012: Carbon labeling and consumer attitudes. Carbon Manag. , 3(5) , 445–455, doi:10.4155/cmt.12.50.

Guillen-Royo, M., 2019: Sustainable consumption and wellbeing: Does on-line shopping matter?J. Clean. Prod. , 229, 1112–1124, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.061.

Guo, B., Y. Geng, T. Sterr, L. Dong, and Y. Liu, 2016: Evaluation of promoting industrial symbiosis in a chemical industrial park: A case of Midong. J. Clean. Prod. , 135, 995–1008, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.006.

Guo, R. et al., 2021: Global CO2 uptake by cement from 1930 to 2019. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13(4) , 1791–1805, doi:10.5194/essd-13-1791-2021.

Guo, Y., J. Tian, N. Zang, Y. Gao, and L. Chen, 2018: The Role of Industrial Parks in Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from China. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 52(14) , 7754–7762, doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b00537.

Gutowski, T., D. Cooper, and S. Sahni, 2017: Why we use more materials. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. , 375(2095) , 20160368, doi:10.1098/rsta.2016.0368.

Gutowski, T.G., S. Sahni, J.M. Allwood, M.F. Ashby, and E. Worrell, 2013: The energy required to produce materials: Constraints on energy-intensity improvements, parameters of demand. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. , 371(1986) , 20120003, doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0003.

Haberl, H. et al., 2021: Stocks, flows, services and practices: Nexus approaches to sustainable social metabolism. Ecol. Econ. , 182, 106949, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.106949.

Habert, G. et al., 2020: Environmental impacts and decarbonization strategies in the cement and concrete industries. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. , 1(11) , 559–573, doi:10.1038/s43017-020-0093-3.

Hagen, A. and J. Schneider, 2021: Trade sanctions and the stability of climate coalitions. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. , 109, 102504, doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102504.

Haites, E., 2018: Carbon taxes and greenhouse gas emissions trading systems: what have we learned?Clim. Policy, 18(8) , 955–966, doi:10.1080/14693062.2018.1492897.

Haites, E. et al., 2018: Experience With Carbon Taxes And Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Systems. Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum, Vol 29, pp 109–182.

Haraldsson, J. and M. T. Johansson, 2018: Review of measures for improved energy efficiency in production-related processes in the aluminium industry – From electrolysis to recycling. Renew. Sustainability. Energy Rev. , 93 (May), 525–548, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.043.

Harmelink, M., M. Beerepoot, and A. Puranasamriddhi, 2018: Energy Access projects and assessment of their Contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals: SDG1, SDG3, SDG4 and SDG5. Bangkok, Thailand, 56 pp. https://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/content/rbap/en/home/library/climate- and-disaster-resilience/energy-access-projects-and-SDG-benefits.html. (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Hartley, K., R. van Santen, and J. Kirchherr, 2020: Policies for transitioning towards a circular economy: Expectations from the European Union (EU). Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 155, 104634, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104634.

Hasanbeigi, A., L. Price, and E. Lin, 2012: Emerging energy-efficiency and CO2 emission-reduction technologies for cement and concrete production: A technical review. Renew. Sustainability. Energy Rev. , 16(8) , 6220–6238, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.07.019.

Hatti-Kaul, R., L.J. Nilsson, B. Zhang, N. Rehnberg, and S. Lundmark, 2020: Designing Biobased Recyclable Polymers for Plastics. Trends Biotechnol. , 38(1) , 50–67, doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.04.011.

Hausfather, Z., 2015: Bounding the climate viability of natural gas as a bridge fuel to displace coal. Energy Policy, 86, 286–294, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2015.07.012.

Heeren, N. and S. Hellweg, 2019: Tracking Construction Material over Space and Time: Prospective and Geo-referenced Modeling of Building Stocks and Construction Material Flows. J. Ind. Ecol. , 23(1) , 253–267, doi:10.1111/jiec.12739.

Hepburn, C. et al., 2019: The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal. Nature, 575 (7781), 87–97, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1681-6.

Hertwich, E., R. Lifset, S. Pauliuk, and N. Heeren, 2020: Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a low-carbon Future. Paris, France, 155 pp.

Hertwich, E.G., 2020: Carbon fueling complex global value chains tripled in the period 1995–2012. Energy Econ. , 86, 104651, doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104651.

Hertwich, E.G., 2021: Increased carbon footprint of materials production driven by rise in investments. Nat. Geosciences, 14(3) , 151–155, doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00690-8.

Hertwich, E.G. et al., 2019: Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics – A review. Environ. Res. Lett. , 14(4) , 043004, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab0fe3.

Higgins, C. and B. Coffey, 2016: Improving how sustainability reports drive change: a critical discourse analysis. J. Clean. Prod. , 136, 18–29, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2016.01.101.

Hills, T., D. Leeson, N. Florin, and P. Fennell, 2016: Carbon Capture in the Cement Industry: Technologies, Progress, and Retrofitting. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 50(1) , 368–377, doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b03508.

Hills, T.P., M. Sceats, D. Rennie, and P. Fennell, 2017: LEILAC: Low Cost CO2Capture for the Cement and Lime Industries. Energy Procedia, 114 (July), 6166–6170.

Hilton, B. et al., 2018: Re-defining Value – The Manufacturing. Revolution. Remanufacturing, Refurbishment, Repair and Direct Reuse in the Circular Economy. Nairobi, Kenya, 267 pp.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., D. Jacob, M. Taylor, M. Bindi, S. Brown, I. Camilloni, A. Diedhiou, R. Djalante, K.L. Ebi, F. Engelbrecht, J. Guiot, Y. Hijioka, S. Mehrotra, A. Payne, S.I. Seneviratne, A. Thomas, R. Warren, and G. Zhou, 2018: Impacts of 1.5°C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty[Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA.

Holappa, L., 2020: A general vision for reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emissions from the steel industry. Metals (Basel). , 10(9) , 1–20, doi:10.3390/met10091117.

Hong, L. et al., 2016: Building stock dynamics and its impacts on materials and energy demand in China. Energy Policy, 94, 47–55, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.03.024.

Honus, S., S. Kumagai, G. Fedorko, V. Molnár, and T. Yoshioka, 2018a: Pyrolysis gases produced from individual and mixed PE, PP, PS, PVC, and PET—Part I: Production and physical properties. Fuel, 221, 346–360, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.074.

Honus, S., S. Kumagai, V. Molnár, G. Fedorko, and T. Yoshioka, 2018b: Pyrolysis gases produced from individual and mixed PE, PP, PS, PVC, and PET—Part II: Fuel characteristics. Fuel, 221, 361–373, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.075.

Hoppmann, J., M. Peters, M. Schneider, and V.H. Hoffmann, 2013: The two faces of market support – How deployment policies affect technological exploration and exploitation in the solar photovoltaic industry. Res. Policy, 42(4) , 989–1003, doi:10.1016/j.respol.2013.01.002.

Horton, P.M., J.M. Allwood, and C. Cleaver, 2019: Implementing material efficiency in practice: A case study to improve the material utilisation of automotive sheet metal components. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 145, 49–66, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.02.012.

Hourcade, J.C., A. Pottier, and E. Espagne, 2018: Social value of mitigation activities and forms of carbon pricing. Int. Econ. , 155, 8–18, doi:10.1016/j.inteco.2018.06.001.

Hsieh, I.Y.L., M.S. Pan, and W.H. Green, 2020: Transition to electric vehicles in China: Implications for private motorization rate and battery market. Energy Policy, 144, 111654, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111654.

Huang, B. et al., 2019a: Review of the development of China’s Eco-industrial Park standard system. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 140, 137–144, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.09.013.

Huang, H. et al., 2019b: Emissions trading systems and social equity: A CGE assessment for China. Appl. Energy, 235, 1254–1265, doi:10.1016/J.APENERGY.2018.11.056.

Huang, H. et al., 2019c: Life-cycle assessment of emerging CO2 mineral carbonation-cured concrete blocks: Comparative analysis of CO2 reduction potential and optimization of environmental impacts. J. Clean. Prod. , 241, 118359, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118359.

Huang, Z., G. Grim, J. Schaidle, and L. Tao, 2020: Using waste CO2 to increase ethanol production from corn ethanol biorefineries: Techno-economic analysis. Appl. Energy, 280, 115964, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115964.

Ibáñez-Forés, V., B. Pacheco-Blanco, S.F. Capuz-Rizo, and M.D. Bovea, 2016: Environmental Product Declarations: Exploring their evolution and the factors affecting their demand in Europe. J. Clean. Prod. , 116, 157–169, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.078.

IEA, 2009: Technology roadmap: carbon capture and storage. International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France, 52 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/technology-roadmap-carbon-capture-and-storage-2009. (Accessed March 27, 2021).

IEA, 2015: World Energy Outlook 2015. Paris, France, 700 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2015. (Accessed March 27, 2021).

IEA, 2016: Energy and Air Pollution (Special Report). Paris, France, 266 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-air-pollution. (Accessed October 30, 2021).

IEA, 2017: Energy Technology Perspectives 2017. Paris, France, 438 pp.https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2017. (Accessed December 15, 2019).

IEA, 2018a: The future of petrochemicals: towards more sustainable plastics and fertilisers. Paris, France, 66 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-petrochemicals. (Accessed December 15, 2019).

IEA, 2018b: Energy Efficiency 2018. Analysis and outlooks to 2040. Paris, France, 170 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2018. (Accessed December 14, 2019).

IEA, 2019a: CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion online data service. data.iea.org/payment/products/115-co2-emissions-from-fuel-combustion-2018-edition.aspx. (Accessed December 20, 2020).

IEA, 2019b: Material efficiency in clean energy transitions. OECD, Paris, France, 158 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/material-efficiency-in-clean-energy-transitions. (Accessed December 15, 2019).

IEA, 2019c: World Energy Outlook 2019. Paris, France, 807 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019. (Accessed December 16, 2019).

IEA, 2019d: Energy Efficiency 2019. Paris, France, 107 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2019. (Accessed December 19, 2020).

IEA, 2019e: Offshore Wind Outlook 2019. Paris, France, 96 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/offshore-wind-outlook-2019. (Accessed December 23, 2019).

IEA, 2019f: The Future of Hydrogen. Paris, France, 199 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen. (Accessed December 21, 2019).

IEA, 2019g: Transforming industry through CCUS. Paris, France. 58 pp. https://www.iea.org/publications/reports/TransformingIndustrythroughCCUS/. (Accessed December 16, 2019).

IEA, 2019h: Putting CO2to use. Paris, France, 83 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/putting-co2-to-use (Accessed December 23, 2020).

IEA, 2020a: Energy Technology Perspective 2020. Paris, France 397 pp.https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2020 (Accessed September 23, 2020).

IEA, 2020b: Tracking industry 2020. https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-industry-2020 (Accessed December 20, 2020).

IEA, 2020c: Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap Towards more sustainable steelmaking – Part of the Energy Technology Perspectives series. Paris, France, 187 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/iron-and-steel-technology-roadmap. (Accessed October 29 2021).

IEA, 2020d: World energy balances and statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-balances (Accessed October 29, 2021).

IEA, 2020e: Energy Efficiency 2020. Paris, France, 102 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2020 (Accessed December, 19, 2020).

IEA, 2020f: CO2 emissions from fuel combustion database. https://www.iea.org/reports/co2-emissions-from-fuel-combustion-overview (Accessed December 20, 2020).

IEA, 2020g: Outlook for biogas and biomethane. Paris, France, 91 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/outlook-for-biogas-and-biomethane-prospects-for-organic-growth. (Accessed December, 19, 2020).

IEA, 2020h: Energy technology perspective special report – clean energy innovation. Paris, France, 182 pp. https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/4022?fileName=Energy_Technology_Perspectives_2020_-_Special_Report_on_Clean_Energy_Innovation.pdf . (Accessed October, 23, 2020).

IEA, 2020i: World Energy Outlook 2020. Paris, France. 461 pp. https://www.iea.org/events/world-energy-outlook-2020. (Accessed March, 27, 2021).

IEA, 2021a: Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. Paris, France, 222 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 (Accessed July, 19, 2021).

IEA, 2021b: CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion online data service. data.iea.org/payment/products/115-co2-emissions-from-fuel-combustion-2021-edition.aspx. (Accessed August 27, 2021).

IEA, 2021c: World Energy Outlook 2021. Paris, France, 383 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2021. (Accessed November, 3, 2021).

IEA, 2021d: World energy balances. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-balances (Accessed October 29, 2020).

IEA and WBCSD, 2018: Technology roadmap – low-carbon transition in the cement industry. Paris, France, 61 pp. https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/1008?fileName=TechnologyRoadmapLowCarbonTransitioninthe CementIndustry.pdf . (Accessed December, 15, 2019).

IEA and UNEP, 2019 : Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction. Paris, France, 41 pp. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-status-report-for-buildings-and-construction-2019 (Accessed January, 6, 2020).

IEAGHG, 2021: Exporting CO2for Offshore Storage – The London Protocol’s Export Amendment and Associated Guidelines and Guidance. Paris, France. 13 pp. https://www.club-co2.fr/files/2021/04/IEAGHG-2021-TR02-Exporting-CO2-for-Offshore-Storage-The-London-Protocol-s-Export-Amendment-and-Associated-Guidelines-and-Guidance.pdf . (Accessed Novemberr, 13, 2021).

Igarashi, M., L. de Boer, and O. Michelsen, 2015: Investigating the anatomy of supplier selection in green public procurement. J. Clean. Prod. , 108, 442–450, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2015.08.010.

IIASA, 2018: PFU Database. https://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/TransitionstoNewTechnologies/PFUDB.en.html (Accessed December 21, 2019).

ILO, 2018: World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2018. International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva, Switzerland, 81 pp. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_615594.pdf . (Accessed December 20, 2020).

Imbabi, M.S., C. Carrigan, and S. McKenna, 2012: Trends and developments in green cement and concrete technology. Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. , 1(2) , 194–216, doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2013.05.001.

IN4climate.NRW, 2019: IN4climate.NRW. https://www.in4climate.nrw/en/index/ (Accessed December 20, 2020).

International Aluminium Institute, 2020: World Aluminium Institute Database. https://international-aluminium.org/statistics/primary-aluminium-smelting-energy-intensity/ (Accessed December 20, 2020).

International Aluminium Institute, 2021a: Aluminium Cycle 2019.https://alucycle.international-aluminium.org/public-access/ (Accessed August 28, 2021).

International Aluminium Institute, 2021b: Aluminium Sector Greenhouse Gas Pathways to 2050. London, UK, 20 pp.

International Aluminium Institute, 2021c: International aluminum institute statistics. https://alucycle.international-aluminium.org/public-access/ (Accessed December 21, 2020).

IPCC, 2005: IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Metz, B., O. Davidson, H.C. De Coninck, M. Loos, and L.A. Meyer, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 442 pp.

IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA.

IPCC, 2018a: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty[Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA.

IPCC, 2018b: Summary for Policymakers. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty[Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA.

IRENA, 2021: World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5°C Pathway. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 53 pp.

Isikgor, F.H. and C.R. Becer, 2015: Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers. Polym. Chem. , 6(25) , 4497–4559, doi:10.1039/c5py00263j.

ISO, 2018: ISO 50001 ENERGY MANAGEMENT. https://www.iso.org/iso-50001-energy-management.html (Accessed November 30, 2020).

Vanderreydt, I., Rommens, T., Tenhunen, A., Fogh Mortensen, L., and Tange, I., 2021: Greenhouse gas emissions and natural capital implications of plastics (including biobased plastics) — Eionet Portal. Flanders, Belgium, 59 pp. https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-wmge/products/greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-natural-capital-implications-of-plastics-including-biobased-plastics (Accessed August 28, 2021).

Jackson, J. and L. Belkhir, 2018: Assigning firm-level GHGE reductions based on national goals – Mathematical model and empirical evidence. J. Clean. Prod. , 170, 76–84, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.075.

Jackson, M.M., J.I. Lewis, and X. Zhang, 2021: A green expansion: China’s role in the global deployment and transfer of solar photovoltaic technology. Energy Sustain. Dev. , 60, 90–101, doi:10.1016/j.esd.2020.12.006.

Jadun, P. et al., 2017: Electrification futures study: end-use electric technology cost and performance projections through 2050. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-70485. 94 pp. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70485.pdf . (Accessed December 22, 2019).

Jakob, M., 2021a: Why carbon leakage matters and what can be done against it. One Earth, 4(5) , 609–614, doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.010.

Jakob, M., 2021b: Climate policy and international trade – A critical appraisal of the literature. Energy Policy, 156 (July), 112399, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112399.

Jakob, M., J.C. Steckel, and O. Edenhofer, 2014: Consumption-versus production-based emission policies. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. , 6(1) , 297–318, doi:10.1146/annurev-resource-100913-012342.

Jakob, M., H. Ward, and J.C. Steckel, 2021: Sharing responsibility for trade-related emissions based on economic benefits. Glob. Environ. Change, 66, 102207, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102207.

Jenkins, J.D., M. Luke, and S. Thernstrom, 2018: Getting to Zero Carbon Emissions in the Electric Power Sector. Joule, 2(12), 2498–2510, doi:10.1016/j.joule.2018.11.013.

Jiang, M. et al., 2019: Provincial and sector-level material footprints in China. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , 116(52) , 26484–26490, doi:10.1073/pnas.1903028116.

Jiao, W. and F. Boons, 2014: Toward a research agenda for policy intervention and facilitation to enhance industrial symbiosis based on a comprehensive literature review. J. Clean. Prod. , 67, 14–25, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2013.12.050.

Jiménez-Arreola, M. et al., 2018: Thermal power fluctuations in waste heat to power systems: An overview on the challenges and current solutions. Appl. Therm. Eng. , 134, 576–584, doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.02.033.

Jing, Y., Y. Guo, Q. Xia, X. Liu, and Y. Wang, 2019: Catalytic Production of Value-Added Chemicals and Liquid Fuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Chem, 5(10) , 2520–2546, doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2019.05.022.

Joltreau, E. and K. Sommerfeld, 2019: Why does emissions trading under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) not affect firms’ competitiveness? Empirical findings from the literature. Clim. Policy, 19(4) , 453–471, doi:10.1080/14693062.2018.1502145.

Jood, P., M. Ohta, A. Yamamoto, and M.G. Kanatzidis, 2018: Excessively Doped PbTe with Ge-Induced Nanostructures Enables High-Efficiency Thermoelectric Modules. Joule, 2(7) , 1339–1355, doi:10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.025.

Kajaste, R. and M. Hurme, 2016: Cement industry greenhouse gas emissions – management options and abatement cost. J. Clean. Prod. , 112, 4041–4052, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.055.

Kaliyavaradhan, S.K. and T.-C. Ling, 2017: Potential of CO2 sequestration through construction and demolition (C&D) waste – An overview. J. CO2Util. , 20 (June), 234–242, doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2017.05.014.

Kalmykova, Y., M. Sadagopan, and L. Rosado, 2018: Circular economy – From review of theories and practices to development of implementation tools. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 135, 190–201, doi:10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2017.10.034.

Kang, D. and D.H. Lee, 2016: Energy and environment efficiency of industry and its productivity effect. J. Clean. Prod. , 135, 184–193, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.042.

Karlsson, M., E. Alfredsson, and N. Westling, 2020: Climate policy co-benefits: a review. Clim. Policy, 20(3) , 292–316, doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1724070.

Karltorp, K. and B.A. Sandén, 2012: Explaining regime destabilisation in the pulp and paper industry. Environ. Innov. Soc. Transitions, 2, 66–81, doi:10.1016/j.eist.2011.12.001.

Karner, K., M. Theissing, and T. Kienberger, 2016: Energy efficiency for industries through synergies with urban areas. J. Clean. Prod. , 119 (2016), 167–177, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.010.

Karner, K., R. McKenna, M. Klobasa, and T. Kienberger, 2018: Industrial excess heat recovery in industry-city networks: a technical, environmental and economic assessment of heat flexibility. J. Clean. Prod. , 193, 771–783, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.045.

Karo, E., 2018: Mission-oriented innovation policies and bureaucracies in East Asia. Ind. Corp. Change, 27(5) , 867–881, doi:10.1093/icc/dty031.

Karo, E. and R. Kattel, 2018: Innovation and the State: Towards an Evolutionary Theory of Policy Capacity. In: Wu, X., Howlett, M., Ramesh, M. (eds)Policy Capacity and Governance, Studies in the Political Economy of Public Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 123–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54675-9_6.

Kätelhön, A., R. Meys, S. Deutz, S. Suh, and A. Bardow, 2019: Climate change mitigation potential of carbon capture and utilization in the chemical industry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 166(23) , 11187–11194, doi:10.1073/pnas.1821029116.

Kattel, R. and M. Mazzucato, 2018: Mission-oriented innovation policy and dynamic capabilities in the public sector. Ind. Corp. Change, 27(5) , 787–801, doi:10.1093/icc/dty032.

Kaza, S., L. Yao, P. Bhada-Tata, and F. Van Woerden, 2018: What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. World Bank, Washington D.C., USA, 272 pp. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30317. (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Kearns, D., H. Liu, and C. Consoli, 2021: TECHNOLOGY READINESS AND COSTS OF CCS. GCCSI. Washington D.C., USA. www.globalccsinstitute.com/resources/multimedia-library/technology-readiness-and-costs-of-ccs/. Acccessed 28 August 2021.

Keidanren (Japan Business Federation), 2018: Contributing to Avoided Emissions the the Global Value Chain – A new approach to climate change measures by private actors. Tokyo, Japan, 71 pp. http://www.keidanren.or.jp/en/policy/vape/gvc2018.pdf . (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Keith, D.W., G. Holmes, D. St. Angelo, and K. Heidel, 2018: A Process for Capturing CO2 from the Atmosphere. Joule, 2(8) , 1573–1594, doi:10.1016/j.joule.2018.05.006.

Kermeli, K. et al., 2021: Improving material projections in Integrated Assessment Models: The use of a stock-based versus a flow-based approach for the iron and steel industry. Energy,Vol. 239122434, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.122434.

Kholod, N. et al., 2020: Global methane emissions from coal mining to continue growing even with declining coal production. J. Clean. Prod. , 256, 120489, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120489.

Kim, H.W. et al., 2018a: Co-benefit potential of industrial and urban symbiosis using waste heat from industrial park in Ulsan, Korea. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 135, 225–234, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.027.

Kim, H.W., S. Ohnishi, M. Fujii, T. Fujita, and H. S. Park, 2018b: Evaluation and Allocation of Greenhouse Gas Reductions in Industrial Symbiosis. J. Ind. Ecol. , 22(2) , 275–287, doi:10.1111/jiec.12539.

Kinderman, D., 2020: The challenges of upward regulatory harmonization: The case of sustainability reporting in the European Union. Regul. Gov. , 14(4) , 674–697, doi:10.1111/rego.12240.

Kirchherr, J. et al., 2018: Barriers to the Circular Economy: Evidence From the European Union (EU). Ecol. Econ. , 150, 264–272, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.028.

Kirchner, M., J. Schmidt, and S. Wehrle, 2019: Exploiting Synergy of Carbon Pricing and Other Policy Instruments for Deep Decarbonization. Joule, 3(4) , 891–893, doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.03.006.

Koasidis, K. et al., 2020: The UK and German low-carbon industry transitions from a sectoral innovation and system failures perspective. Energies, 13(18) , 4994, doi:10.3390/en13194994.

Koberg, E. and A. Longoni, 2019: A systematic review of sustainable supply chain management in global supply chains. J. Clean. Prod. , 207, 1084–1098, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.10.033.

Korhonen, J., A. Honkasalo, and J. Seppälä, 2018: Circular Economy: The Concept and its Limitations. Ecol. Econ. , 143, 37–46, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.041.

Krausmann, F. et al., 2017: Global socioeconomic material stocks rise 23-fold over the 20th century and require half of annual resource use. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , 114(8) , 1880–1885, doi:10.1073/pnas.1613773114.

Krausmann, F., C. Lauk, W. Haas, and D. Wiedenhofer, 2018: From resource extraction to outflows of wastes and emissions: The socioeconomic metabolism of the global economy, 1900–2015. Glob. Environ. Change, 52, 131–140, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.07.003.

Krausmann, F., D. Wiedenhofer, and H. Haberl, 2020: Growing stocks of buildings, infrastructures and machinery as key challenge for compliance with climate targets. Glob. Environ. Change, 61, 102034, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102034.

Kuo, L. and B.-G. Chang, 2021: Ambitious corporate climate action: Impacts of science-based target and internal carbon pricing on carbon management reputation – Evidence from Japan. Sustain. Prod. Consum. , 27, 1830–1840, doi:10.1016/j.spc.2021.04.025.

Kuramochi, T., 2016: Assessment of midterm CO2 emissions reduction potential in the iron and steel industry: a case of Japan. J. Clean. Prod. , 132(132) , 81–97, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.055.

Kushnir, D., T. Hansen, V. Vogl, and M. Åhman, 2020: Adopting hydrogen direct reduction for the Swedish steel industry: A technological innovation system (TIS) study. J. Clean. Prod. , 242, 118185, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118185.

Kuusi, T. et al., 2020: Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms and Their Economic Impact on Finland and the EU. Helsinki, Finland, 152 pp. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-287-922-6. (Accessed October 21, 2019).

Labella, Á., K. Koasidis, A. Nikas, A. Arsenopoulos, and H. Doukas, 2020: APOLLO: A Fuzzy Multi-criteria Group Decision-Making Tool in Support of Climate Policy. Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst. , 13(1) , 1539, doi:10.2991/ijcis.d.200924.002.

Lamb, W.F. et al., 2021: A review of trends and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2018. Environ. Res. Lett. , 16(7) , 073005, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abee4e.

Lambert, J.G., C.A.S. Hall, S. Balogh, A. Gupta, and M. Arnold, 2014: Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy, 64, 153–167, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.001.

LCS, 2018: Toward Future Low-Carbon Society using Scrap Iron Recycling (Vol. 2). Center for Low Carbin Society Strategy, Tokyo, Japan, 17 pp. https://www.jst.go.jp/lcs/pdf/fy2018-pp-18.pdf . (Accessed December, 15, 2019)

Lechtenböhmer, S. and M. Fischedick, 2020: An Integrated Climate-Industrial Policy as the Core of the European Green Deal in Brief . Wuppertal Institute, Wuppertal, Germany, 8 pp. https://epub.wupperinst.org/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/7483/file/7483_Climate-Industrial-Policy.pdf . (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Lechtenböhmer, S., C. Schneider, M.Y. Roche, and S. Höller, 2015: Re-industrialisation and low-carbon economy-can they go together? Results from stakeholder-based scenarios for energy-intensive industries in the German state of North Rhine Westphalia. Energies, 8(10) , 11404–11429, doi:10.3390/en81011404.

Lechtenböhmer, S., L.J. Nilsson, M. Åhman, and C. Schneider, 2016: Decarbonising the energy intensive basic materials industry through electrification – Implications for future EU electricity demand. Energy, 115, 1623–1631, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.110.

Lecocq, F. and Z. Shalizi, 2014: The economics of targeted mitigation in infrastructure. Clim. Policy, 14(2) , 187–208, doi:10.1080/14693062.2014.861657.

Lee, S.Y. et al., 2019: A comprehensive metabolic map for production of bio-based chemicals. Nat. Catal. , 2(1) , 18–33, doi:10.1038/s41929-018-0212-4.

Leeson, D., P. Fennell, N. Shah, C. Petit, and N. Mac Dowell, 2017: A Techno-economic analysis and systematic review of carbon capture and storage (CCS) applied to the iron and steel, cement, oil refining and pulp and paper industries. Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control, 61 (June), 71–84, doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.03.020.

Legorburu, G. and A.D. Smith, 2018: Energy modeling framework for optimizing heat recovery in a seasonal food processing facility. Appl. Energy, 229, 151–162, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.07.097.

Lehne, J. and F. Preston, 2018: Making Concrete Change Innovation in Low-carbon Cement and Concrete. Chatham House, London, UK. 122 pp.

Levi, P.G. and J.M. Cullen, 2018: Mapping Global Flows of Chemicals: From Fossil Fuel Feedstocks to Chemical Products. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 52(4) , 1725–1734, doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b04573.

Li, Q., R. Long and H. Chen, 2017: Empirical study of the willingness of consumers to purchase low-carbon products by considering carbon labels: A case study. J. Clean. Prod. , 161, 1237–1250, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2017.04.154.

Li, S. et al., 2019: Recent advances in hydrogen production by thermo-catalytic conversion of biomass. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 44(28) , 14266–14278, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.018.

Lim, T., B.R. Ellis, and S.J. Skerlos, 2019: Mitigating CO2 emissions of concrete manufacturing through CO2-enabled binder reduction. Environ. Res. Lett. , 14(11) , 114014, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab466e.

Liu, C., W. Chen, and J. Mu, 2019a: Retailer’s multi-tier green procurement contract in the presence of suppliers’ reference point effect. Comput. Ind. Eng. , 131, 242–258, doi:10.1016/j.cie.2019.03.013.

Liu, G., C.E. Bangs, and D. B. Müller, 2013: Stock dynamics and emission pathways of the global aluminium cycle. Nat. Clim. Change, 3(4) , 338–342, doi:10.1038/nclimate1698.

Liu, G. and D. B. Müller, 2013: Centennial evolution of aluminum in-use stocks on our aluminized planet. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 47(9) , 4882–4888, doi:10.1021/es305108p.

Liu, J., J. Xue, L. Yang, and B. Shi, 2019b: Enhancing green public procurement practices in local governments: Chinese evidence based on a new research framework. J. Clean. Prod. , 211, 842–854, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.11.151.

Liu, M. et al., 2020: End-of-life passenger vehicles recycling decision system in China based on dynamic material flow analysis and life cycle assessment. Waste Manag. , 117, 81–92, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.002.

Liu, T., Q. Wang, and B. Su, 2016: A review of carbon labeling: Standards, implementation, and impact. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 53, 68–79, doi:10.1016/J.RSER.2015.08.050.

Liu, Z. et al., 2015: Reduced carbon emission estimates from fossil fuel combustion and cement production in China. Nature, 524(7565) , 335–338, doi:10.1038/nature14677.

Liu, Z. et al., 2018: Co-benefits accounting for the implementation of eco-industrial development strategies in the scale of industrial park based on emergy analysis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 81, 1522–1529, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.226.

Llorente-González, L.J. and X. Vence, 2019: Decoupling or “decaffing”? The underlying conceptualization of circular economy in the European union monitoring framework. Sustainability, 11(18) , 4898, doi:10.3390/su11184898.

Llorente-González, L.J., and X. Vence, 2020: How labour-intensive is the circular economy? A policy-orientated structural analysis of the repair, reuse and recycling activities in the European Union. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 162, 105033, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105033.

LME, 2020: London Metal Exchange - Sustainability Discussion Paper. London, UK, 20 pp.

Long, T.B. and W. Young, 2016: An exploration of intervention options to enhance the management of supply chain greenhouse gas emissions in the UK. J. Clean. Prod. , 112, 1834–1848, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2015.02.074.

Lopez, G. et al., 2018: Recent advances in the gasification of waste plastics. A critical overview. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 82, 576–596, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.032.

Lovins, A.B., 2018: How big is the energy efficiency resource?Environ. Res. Lett. , 13(9) , 090401, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aad965.

Lundberg, S., P.O. Marklund, E. Strömbäck, and D. Sundström, 2015: Using public procurement to implement environmental policy: an empirical analysis. Environ. Econ. Policy Stud. , 17(4) , 487–520, doi:10.1007/s10018-015-0102-9.

Lv, S. et al., 2018: Study of different heat exchange technologies influence on the performance of thermoelectric generators. Energy Convers. Manag. , 156, 167–177, doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.11.011.

Mac Dowell, N., P.S. Fennell, N. Shah, and G.C. Maitland, 2017: The role of CO2 capture and utilization in mitigating climate change. Nat. Clim. Change, 7(4) , 243–249, doi:10.1038/nclimate3231.

MacKay, K. et al., 2021: Methane emissions from upstream oil and gas production in Canada are underestimated. Sci. Rep. , 11(1) , 8041, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87610-3.

Maddison Project, 2018: Maddison Project Database. http://www.ggdc.net/maddison;https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/global-economic-monitor (Accessed December 20, 2019).

Madeddu, S. et al., 2020: The CO2 reduction potential for the European industry via direct electrification of heat supply (power-to-heat). Environ. Res. Lett. , 15 (12), 124004, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abbd02.

Mah, A., 2021: Future-Proofing Capitalism: The Paradox of the Circular Economy for Plastics. Glob. Environ. Polit. , 21(2) , 121–142, doi:10.1162/glep_a_00594.

Mahmood, T. and E. Ahmad, 2018: The relationship of energy intensity with economic growth: Evidence for European economies. Energy Strateg. Rev. , 20, 90–98, doi:10.1016/j.esr.2018.02.002.

Mai, T.T. et al., 2018: Electrification Futures Study: Scenarios of Electric Technology Adoption and Power Consumption for the United States. Golden, CO, USA, 129 pp.

Marin County, 2021: Title 19 – MARIN COUNTY BUILDING CODE. A Codification of the General Ordinances of the County of Marin, California, Marin County, USA.

Markkanen, S. et al., 2021: On the Borderline: The EU CBAM and its place in the world of trade. Cambridge, UK, 73 pp.

Martí, J.M.C., J.S. Tancrez, and R.W. Seifert, 2015: Carbon footprint and responsiveness trade-offs in supply chain network design. Int. J. Prod. Econ. , 166, 129–142. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.04.016.

Martin, R., M. Muûls, and U.J. Wagner, 2016: The impact of the European Union emissions trading scheme on regulated firms: What is the evidence after ten years?Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy, 10(1) , 129–148, doi:10.1093/reep/rev016.

Mason, A., W. Martindale, A. Heath, and S. Chatterjee, 2016: French Energy Transition Law – Global Investor Briefing. PRI, London, UK. 15 pp. https://www.iigcc.org/resource/french-energy-transition-law-global-investor-briefing/. (Accessed October 2, 2021).

Material Economics, 2019: Industrial Transformation 2050: Pathways to net-zero emisisons from EU Heavy Industry. Cambridge, UK. 207 pp. https://materialeconomics.com/publications/industrial-transformation-2050. (Accessed December 14, 2019).

Mathews, J.A., H. Tan, and M. Hu, 2018: Moving to a Circular Economy in China: Transforming Industrial Parks into Eco-industrial Parks. Calif. Manage. Rev. , 60(3) , 157–181, doi:10.1177/0008125617752692.

Mathy, S., P. Criqui, K. Knoop, M. Fischedick, and S. Samadi, 2016: Uncertainty management and the dynamic adjustment of deep decarbonization pathways. Clim. Policy, 16(sup1) , S47–S62, doi:10.1080/14693062.2016.1179618.

Mayer, A. et al., 2019: Measuring Progress towards a Circular Economy: A Monitoring Framework for Economy‐wide Material Loop Closing in the EU28. J. Ind. Ecol. , 23(1) , 62–76, doi:10.1111/jiec.12809.

Mazzucato, M., 2016: From market fixing to market-creating: a new framework for innovation policy. Ind. Innov. , 23(2) , 140–156, doi:10.1080/13662716.2016.1146124.

Mazzucato, M., R. Kattel, and J. Ryan-Collins, 2020: Challenge-Driven Innovation Policy: Towards a New Policy Toolkit. J. Ind. Compet. Trade, 20(2) , 421–437, doi:10.1007/s10842-019-00329-w.

McBrien, M., A.C. Serrenho, and J.M. Allwood, 2016: Potential for energy savings by heat recovery in an integrated steel supply chain. Appl. Therm. Eng. , 103, 592–606, doi:10.1016/J.APPLTHERMALENG.2016.04.099.

McDowall, W. et al., 2017: Circular Economy Policies in China and Europe. J. Ind. Ecol. , 21(3) , 651–661, doi:10.1111/jiec.12597.

McManus, M. C. et al., 2015: Challenge clusters facing LCA in environmental decision-making – what we can learn from biofuels. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. , 20(10) , 1399–1414, doi:10.1007/s11367-015-0930-7.

McMillan, C. et al., 2016: Generation and Use of Thermal Energy in the U.S. Industrial Sector and Opportunities to Reduce its Carbon Emissions. Denver, USA, 172 pp. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66763.pdf . (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Mehling, M.A. and R.A. Ritz, 2020: Going beyond default intensities in an EU carbon border adjustment mechanism. Climate Strategies, London, UK. 23 pp.

Mehling, M.A., H. Van Asselt, K. Das, S. Droege, and C. Verkuijl, 2019: Designing Border Carbon Adjustments for Enhanced Climate Action. Am. J. Int. Law, 113(3) , 433–481, doi:10.1017/ajil.2019.22.

Melton, N., J. Axsen, and D. Sperling, 2016: Moving beyond alternative fuel hype to decarbonize transportation. Nat. Energy, 1(3) , 1–10, doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.13.

Mendez-Alva, F., H. Cervo, G. Krese, and G. Van Eetvelde, 2021: Industrial symbiosis profiles in energy-intensive industries: Sectoral insights from open databases. J. Clean. Prod. , 314 (June), 128031, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128031.

Meng, B., G.P. Peters, Z. Wang, and M. Li, 2018: Tracing CO2 emissions in global value chains. Energy Econ. , 73, 24–42, doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2018.05.013.

Metcalf, G.E., 2019: On the Economics of a Carbon Tax for the United Stat es. 405–484 pp.

Meys, R. et al., 2020: Towards a circular economy for plastic packaging wastes – the environmental potential of chemical recycling. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 162, 105010, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105010.

Meys, R. et al., 2021: Achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emission plastics by a circular carbon economy. Science, 374(6563) , 71–76, doi:10.1126/science.abg9853.

Michaelowa, A., I. Shishlov, and D. Brescia, 2019: Evolution of international carbon markets: lessons for the Paris Agreement. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change, 10(6) , 1–24, doi:10.1002/wcc.613.

Michelsen, O. and L. de Boer, 2009: Green procurement in Norway; a survey of practices at the municipal and county level. J. Environ. Manage. , 91(1) , 160–167, doi:10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2009.08.001.

Minelgaitė, A. and G. Liobikienė, 2019: Waste problem in European Union and its influence on waste management behaviours. Sci. Total Environ. , 667, 86–93, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.313.

Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire, 2018: Projet de Stratégie Nationale Bas-Carbone – La transition écologique et solidaire vers la neutralité carbone. Copenhagen, Denmark, 151 pp.

Minx, J.C. et al., 2021: A comprehensive and synthetic dataset for global, regional, and national greenhouse gas emissions by sector 1970–2018 with an extension to 2019. Earth Syst. Sci. Data,13, 5213–5252,.https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5213-2021.

Moore, J., 2017: Thermal Hydrogen: An emissions free hydrocarbon economy. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 42(17) , 12047–12063, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.182.

Moran, D., A. Hasanbeigi, and C. Springer, 2018: The Carbon Loophole in Climate Policy. 65 pp. KGM & Associates Pty Ltd. and Global Effi­ciency Intelligence, LLC. Sydney, Australia and FL, USA.

Mörsdorf, G., 2021: A simple fix for carbon leakage? Assessing the environmental effectiveness of the EU carbon border adjustment. Energy Policy, 161112596, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112596.

Moya, J.A., and N. Pardo, 2013: The potential for improvements in energy efficiency and CO2 emissions in the EU27 iron and steel industry under different payback periods. J. Clean. Prod. , 52, 71–83, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.02.028.

Müller, D.B., T. Wang, and B. Duval, 2011: Patterns of iron use in societal evolution. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 45(1) , 182–188, doi:10.1021/es102273t.

Müller, L.J. et al., 2020: The carbon footprint of the carbon feedstock CO2. Energy Environ. Sci. , 13(9) , 2979–2992, doi:10.1039/d0ee01530j.

Munasinghe, M., P. Jayasinghe, V. Ralapanawe, and A. Gajanayake, 2016: Supply/value chain analysis of carbon and energy footprint of garment manufacturing in Sri Lanka. Sustain. Prod. Consum. , 5, 51–64, doi:10.1016/J.SPC.2015.12.001.

Munnings, C., W. Acworth, O. Sartor, Y.G. Kim, and K. Neuhoff, 2019: Pricing carbon consumption: synthesizing an emerging trend. Clim. Policy, 19(1) , 92–107, doi:10.1080/14693062.2018.1457508.

Murray, A., K. Skene, and K. Haynes, 2017: The Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Concept and Application in a Global Context. J. Bus. Ethics, 140(3) , 369–380, doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2693-2.

Muslemani, H., X. Liang, K. Kaesehage, F. Ascui, and J. Wilson, 2021: Opportunities and challenges for decarbonizing steel production by creating markets for ‘green steel’ products. J. Clean. Prod. , 315, 128127, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2021.128127.

Nadel, S. and L. Ungar, 2019: Halfway There: Energy Efficiency Can Cut Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Half by 2050. ACEEE, Washington D.C., USA, 63 pp. https://www.aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/u1907.pdf . (Accessed August 28, 2021).

Naegele, H. and A. Zaklan, 2019: Does the EU ETS cause carbon leakage in European manufacturing?J. Environ. Econ. Manage. , 93, 125–147, doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2018.11.004.

Naims, H., 2016: Economics of carbon dioxide capture and utilization—a supply and demand perspective. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. , 23(22) , 22226–22241, doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6810-2.

Napp, T.A., A. Gambhir, T.P. Hills, N. Florin, and P. Fennell, 2014: A review of the technologies, economics and policy instruments for decarbonising energy-intensive manufacturing industries. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 30, 616–640, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.036.

Napp, T. A. et al., 2019: The role of advanced demand-sector technologies and energy demand reduction in achieving ambitious carbon budgets. Appl. Energy, 238 (April 2018), 351–367, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033.

Narassimhan, E., K.S. Gallagher, S. Koester, and J.R. Alejo, 2018: Carbon pricing in practice: a review of existing emissions trading systems. Clim. Policy, 18(8) , 967–991, doi:10.1080/14693062.2018.1467827.

NEDO, 2019: Survey of waste heat in the industrial field. Kanagawa, Japan. 239 pp. http://www.thermat.jp/HainetsuChousa/HainetsuReport.pdf . (Accessed December 15, 2019).

Nemet, G.F., 2019: How solar energy became cheap: A model for low-carbon innovation. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon, UK and New York, NY, USA, 238 pp.

Nemet, G.F., V. Zipperer, and M. Kraus, 2018: The valley of death, the technology pork barrel, and public support for large demonstration projects. Energy Policy, 119, 154–167, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.008.

Neuhoff, K. et al., 2015: Inclusion of Consumption of Carbon Intensive Commodities in Carbon Pricing Mechanisms. 6 pp. Climate Strategies., London, UK. https://www.diw.de/documents/dokumentenarchiv/17/diw_01.c.523297.de/policy-brief-ioc.pdf (Accessed December, 23, 2019).

Neuhoff, K. et al., 2018: Filling gaps in the policy package to decarbonise production and use of materials. Berlin, Germany, 41 pp. https://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CS-DIW_report-designed-2.pdf . (Accessed December 16, 2019).

Neuhoff, K. et al., 2019: Building blocks for a climate-neutral European industrial sector. Climate Strategies. London, UK. 33 pp. https://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Building-Blocks-for-a-Climate-Neutral-European-Industrial-Sector.pdf . (Accessed October, 26, 2021).

NGFS, 2019a: A call for action: Climate change as a source of financial risk. NGFS. Paris, France. 39 pp. https://www.ngfs.net/sites/default/files/medias/documents/ngfs_first_comprehensive_report_-_17042019_0.pdf . (Accessed December, 15, 2019).

NGFS, 2019b: A sustainable and responsible investment guide for central banks’ portfolio management . NGFS. Paris, France. 39 pp. https://www.ngfs.net/sites/default/files/medias/documents/ngfs-a-sustainable-and-responsible-investment-guide.pdf . (Accessed December, 15, 2019).

Nikolaou, I.E. and K.P. Tsagarakis, 2021: An introduction to circular economy and sustainability: Some existing lessons and future directions. Sustain. Prod. Consum. , 28, 600–609, doi:10.1016/j.spc.2021.06.017.

Nilsson, L.J. et al., 2021: An industrial policy framework for transforming energy and emissions intensive industries towards zero emissions. Clim. Policy, 21(8) , 1053–1065, doi:10.1080/14693062.2021.1957665.

Nimbalkar, S. et al., 2020: Enhancing operational performance and productivity benefits in breweries through smart manufacturing technologies. J. Adv. Manuf. Process. , 2(4) , doi:10.1002/amp2.10064.

Nocito, F. and A. Dibenedetto, 2020: Atmospheric CO2 mitigation technologies: carbon capture utilization and storage. Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem. , 21, 34–43, doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2019.10.002.

Nordhaus, W., 2015: Climate clubs: Overcoming free-riding in international climate policy. Am. Econ. Rev. , 105(4) , 1339–1370, doi:10.1257/aer.15000001.

Oberle, B. et al., 2019: Global Resources Outlook 2019: Natural Resources for the Future We Want . Paris, France, 168 pp. https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/global-resources-outlook. (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Oberthür, S.,G. Khandekar and T. Wyns, 2021: Global governance for the decarbonization of energy-intensive industries: Great potential underexploited. Earth Syst. Gov. , 8, 100072, doi:10.1016/j.esg.2020.100072.

Ochu, E.R., and S.J. Friedmann, 2021: CCUS in a net-zero U.S. power sector: Policy design, rates, and project finance. Electr. J. , 34(7) , 107000, doi:10.1016/j.tej.2021.107000.

OECD.Stat, 2019: OECD.Stat 2019. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSet Code=IO_GHG_2019 (Accessed December 20, 2020).

OECD, 2011: Towards Green Growth. Paris, France, 24 pp. https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/48012345.pdf . (Accessed December 15, 2019).

OECD, 2015: System Innovation: Synthesis Report . Paris, France, 101 pp. http://www.pte.pl/pliki/2/1/OECD System.pdf . (Accessed March 27, 2021).

OECD, 2016: Extended Producer Responsibility. OECD. Paris, France. 6 pp.

OECD, 2019a: Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060. OECD, Paris, France.210 pp.

OECD, 2019b: Moving to sustainable industrial production. In: Accelerating Climate Action: Refocusing Policies through a Well-being Lens, pp. 65–88.

OECD, 2021: Government at a Glance 2021. OECD, Paris, France, 281 pp.

Ohnishi, S., H. Dong, Y. Geng, M. Fujii, and T. Fujita, 2017: A comprehensive evaluation on industrial & urban symbiosis by combining MFA, carbon footprint and emergy methods – Case of Kawasaki, Japan. Ecol. Indic. , 73, 513–524, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.10.016.

Ohta, H., S.W. Kim, S. Kaneki, A. Yamamoto, and T. Hashizume, 2018: High Thermoelectric Power Factor of High-Mobility 2D Electron Gas. Adv. Sci. , 5(1) , 1700696, doi:10.1002/advs.201700696.

Okereke, C. and D. McDaniels, 2012: To what extent are EU steel companies susceptible to competitive loss due to climate policy?Energy Policy, 46, 203–215, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.052.

Olatunji, O.O. et al., 2019: Competitive advantage of carbon efficient supply chain in manufacturing industry. J. Clean. Prod. , 238, 117937, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117937.

Olfe-Kräutlein, B., 2020: Advancing CCU Technologies Pursuant to the SDGs: A Challenge for Policy Making. Front. Energy Res. , 8(198) , doi:10.3389/fenrg.2020.00198.

Olivetti, E.A., and J.M. Cullen, 2018: Toward a sustainable materials system. Science, 360(6396) , 1396–1398, doi:10.1126/science.aat6821.

Olivier, J.G J., and J.A.H.W., Peters, 2018: Trends in global CO2and total greenhouse gas emissions – 2018 report . The Hague, the Netherlands, 53 pp. https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2018-trends-in-global-co2-and-total-greenhouse-gas-emissons-2018-report_3125_0.pdf .

Onarheim, K., S. Santos, P. Kangas, and V. Hankalin, 2017: Performance and costs of CCS in the pulp and paper industry part 1: Performance of amine-based post-combustion CO2 capture. Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control, 59, 58–73, doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.02.008.

Orr, J. et al., 2019: Minimising energy in construction: Practitioners’ views on material efficiency. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 140, 125–136, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.09.015.

Overland, I., 2019: The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. , 49, 36–40, doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018.

Padella, M., A. O’Connell, and M. Prussi, 2019: What is still Limiting the Deployment of Cellulosic Ethanol? Analysis of the Current Status of the Sector. Appl. Sci. , 9(21) , 4523, doi:10.3390/app9214523.

Palm, E. and A. Nikoleris, 2021: Conflicting expectations on carbon dioxide utilisation. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. , 33(2) , 217–228, doi:10.1080/09537325.2020.1810225.

Palm, E., L.J. Nilsson, and M. Åhman, 2016: Electricity-based plastics and their potential demand for electricity and carbon dioxide. J. Clean. Prod. , 129, 548–555, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.158.

Pan, S.Y. et al., 2020: CO2 mineralization and utilization by alkaline solid wastes for potential carbon reduction. Nat. Sustain. , 3(5) , 399–405, doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0486-9.

Pandey, D., M. Agrawal, and J.S. Pandey, 2011: Carbon footprint: current methods of estimation. Environ. Monit. Assess. , 178(1–4) , 135–160, doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1678-y.

Papapetrou, M., G. Kosmadakis, A. Cipollina, U. La Commare, and G. Micale, 2018: Industrial waste heat: Estimation of the technically available resource in the EU per industrial sector, temperature level and country. Appl. Therm. Eng. , 138, 207–216, doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.04.043.

Pardo, N. and J.A. Moya, 2013: Prospective scenarios on energy efficiency and CO2 emissions in the European Iron and Steel industry. Energy, 54, 113–128, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.015.

Park, J., J.M. Park, and H.S. Park, 2019: Scaling-Up of Industrial Symbiosis in the Korean National Eco-Industrial Park Program: Examining Its Evolution over the 10 Years between 2005–2014. J. Ind. Ecol. , 23 (1), 197–207, doi:10.1111/jiec.12749.

Pasquier, L.-C., N. Kemache, J. Mocellin, J.-F. Blais, and G. Mercier, 2018: Waste Concrete Valorization; Aggregates and Mineral Carbonation Feedstock Production. Geosciences, 8(9) , 342, doi:10.3390/geosciences8090342.

Pauliuk, S., R.L. Milford, D.B. Müller, and J.M. Allwood, 2013a: The steel scrap age. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 47(7) , 3448–3454, doi:10.1021/es303149z.

Pauliuk, S., T. Wang, and D.B. Müller, 2013b: Steel all over the world: Estimating in-use stocks of iron for 200 countries. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 71, 22–30, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.11.008.

Pauliuk, S., G. Majeau-Bettez, and D.B. Müller, 2015: A general system structure and accounting framework for socioeconomic metabolism. J. Ind. Ecol. , 19(5) , 728–741, doi:10.1111/jiec.12306.

Pauliuk, S., N. Heeren, M.M. Hasan, and D.B. Müller, 2019: A general data model for socioeconomic metabolism and its implementation in an industrial ecology data commons prototype. J. Ind. Ecol. , 23(5) , 1016–1027, doi:10.1111/jiec.12890.

Pauliuk, S. et al., 2021: Global scenarios of resource and emission savings from material efficiency in residential buildings and cars. Nat. Commun. , 12(1) , 5097, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25300-4.

Philibert, C., 2017a: Renewable Energy for Industry: From Green Energy to Green Materials and Fuels. IEA, Paris, France, 67 pp. https://www.iea.org/publications/insights/insightpublications/Renewable_Energy_for_Industry.pdf .

Philibert, C., 2017b: Producing ammonia and fertilizers: new opportunities from renewables. Renewable Energy Division, IEA. Paris, France, 6 pp. http://www.iea.org/media/news/2017/FertilizermanufacturingRenewables_1605.pdf .

Pieroni, M.P.P., T.C. McAloone, and D.C.A. Pigosso, 2019: Business model innovation for circular economy and sustainability: A review of approaches. J. Clean. Prod. , 215, 198–216, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.036.

Plaza, M.G., S. Martínez, and F. Rubiera, 2020: CO2 capture, use, and storage in the cement industry: State of the art and expectations. Energies, 13(21) , 5692, doi:10.3390/en13215692.

Pollitt, H., K. Neuhoff, and X. Lin, 2020: The impact of implementing a consumption charge on carbon-intensive materials in Europe. Clim. Policy, 20(sup1) , S74–S89, doi:10.1080/14693062.2019.1605969.

Polverini, D., 2021: Regulating the circular economy within the ecodesign directive: Progress so far, methodological challenges and outlook. Sustain. Prod. Consum. , 27, 1113–1123, doi:10.1016/j.spc.2021.02.023.

Pülzl, H., D. Kleinschmit, and B. Arts, 2014: Bioeconomy – an emerging meta-discourse affecting forest discourses?Scand. J. For. Res. , 29(4) , 386–393, doi:10.1080/02827581.2014.920044.

Pusnik, M., F. Al-Mansour, B. Sucic, and A.F. Gubina, 2016: Gap analysis of industrial energy management systems in Slovenia. Energy, 108, 41–49, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.10.141.

Pyrka, M., J. Boratyński, I. Tobiasz, R. Jeszke, and M. Sekuła, 2020: The Effects of the Implementation of the Border Tax Adjustment in the Context of More Stringent EU Climate Policy until 2030. Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research InstituteWarsaw, Poland, 48 pp.

Qian, W., J. Hörisch, and S. Schaltegger, 2018: Environmental management accounting and its effects on carbon management and disclosure quality. J. Clean. Prod. , 174, 1608–1619, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.092.

Qu, S. et al., 2019: Implications of China’s foreign waste ban on the global circular economy. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 144, 252–255, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.004.

Ragaert, K., L. Delva, and K. Van Geem, 2017: Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste. Waste Manag. , 69, 24–58, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.044.

Rahimi, A. and J. M. García, 2017: Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials production. Nat. Rev. Chem. , 1(6) , 0046, doi:10.1038/s41570-017-0046.

Rajbhandari, A. and F. Zhang, 2018: Does energy efficiency promote economic growth? Evidence from a multicountry and multisectoral panel dataset. Energy Econ. , 69, 128–139, doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2017.11.007.

Ranasinghe, R., A.C. Ruane, R. Vautard, N. Arnell, E. Coppola, F.A. Cruz, S. Dessai, A.S. Islam, M. Rahimi, D. Ruiz Carrascal, J. Sillmann, M.B. Sylla, C. Tebaldi, W. Wang, R. Zaaboul, 2021, 2021: Climate Change Information for Regional Impact and for Risk Assessment. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA.

Rangelov, M., H. Dylla, A. Mukherjee, and N. Sivaneswaran, 2021: Use of environmental product declarations (EPDs) of pavement materials in the United States of America (USA) to ensure environmental impact reductions. J. Clean. Prod. , 283, 124619, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124619.

Ranta, V., L. Aarikka-Stenroos, P. Ritala, and S. J. Mäkinen, 2018: Exploring institutional drivers and barriers of the circular economy: A cross-regional comparison of China, the US, and Europe. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 135, 70–82, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.017.

Raven, R., F. Kern, B. Verhees, and A. Smith, 2016: Niche construction and empowerment through socio-political work. A meta-analysis of six low-carbon technology cases. Environ. Innov. Soc. Transitions, 18, 164–180, doi:10.1016/j.eist.2015.02.002.

Raymond, L., 2019: Policy perspective: Building political support for carbon pricing – Lessons from cap-and-trade policies. Energy Policy, 134, 110986, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110986.

Reike, D., W.J.V. Vermeulen, and S. Witjes, 2018: The circular economy: New or Refurbished as CE 3.0? — Exploring Controversies in the Conceptualization of the Circular Economy through a Focus on History and Resource Value Retention Options. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 135, 246–264, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.027.

Renforth, P., 2019: The negative emission potential of alkaline materials. Nat. Commun. , 10(1) , 1401, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09475-5.

Richstein, J.C., 2017: Project-Based Carbon Contracts: A Way to Finance Innovative Low-Carbon Investments. DIW Berlin Discussion Paper No. 1714, 18 pp. doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3109302

Rietbergen, M.G and K. Blok, 2013: Assessing the potential impact of the CO2Performance Ladder on the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in the Netherlands. J. Clean. Prod. , 52, 33–45, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.03.027.

Rietbergen, M.G., A. Van Rheede, and K. Blok, 2015: The target-setting process in the CO2Performance Ladder: Does it lead to ambitious goals for carbon dioxide emission reduction?J. Clean. Prod. , 103, 549–561, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.046.

Rissman, J. et al., 2020: Technologies and policies to decarbonize global industry: Review and assessment of mitigation drivers through 2070. Appl. Energy, 266 (November 2019), 114848, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114848.

Rocchi, P., M. Serrano, J. Roca, and I. Arto, 2018: Border Carbon Adjustments Based on Avoided Emissions: Addressing the Challenge of Its Design. Ecol. Econ. , 145, 126–136, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.003.

Röck, M. et al., 2020: Embodied GHG emissions of buildings – The hidden challenge for effective climate change mitigation. Appl. Energy, 258, 114107, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114107.

Rodrik, D., 2014: Green industrial policy. Oxford Rev. Econ. Policy, 30(3) , 469–491, doi:10.1093/oxrep/gru025.

Rogers, E., 2018: Integrating smart manufacturing and strategic energy management programs. In: ECEEE 2018 industry proceedings, Berlin, Germany, pp. 23–31.

Rogge, K.S. and K. Reichardt, 2016: Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: An extended concept and framework for analysis. Res. Policy, 45(8) , 1620–1635, doi:10.1016/j.respol.2016.04.004.

Rogge, K.S. and P. Johnstone, 2017: Exploring the role of phase-out policies for low-carbon energy transitions: The case of the German Energiewende. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. , 33, 128–137, doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.004.

Rogge, K.S., F. Kern, and M. Howlett, 2017: Conceptual and empirical advances in analysing policy mixes for energy transitions. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. , 33 (October), 1–10, doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.025.

Rootzén, J. and F. Johnsson, 2016: Paying the full price of steel – Perspectives on the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions from the steel industry. Energy Policy, 98, 459–469, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.09.021.

Rootzén, J. and F. Johnsson, 2017: Managing the costs of CO2 abatement in the cement industry. Clim. Policy, 17(6) , 781–800, doi:10.1080/14693062.2016.1191007.

Rosenbloom, D., J. Markard, F.W. Geels, and L. Fuenfschilling, 2020: Why carbon pricing is not sufficient to mitigate climate change—and how “sustainability transition policy” can help. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 117(16) , 8664–8668.

Saevarsdottir, G., H. Kvande, and B.J. Welch, 2020: Aluminum Production in the Times of Climate Change: The Global Challenge to Reduce the Carbon Footprint and Prevent Carbon Leakage. JOM, 72(1) , 296–308, doi:10.1007/s11837-019-03918-6.

Sakai, M. and J. Barrett, 2016: Border carbon adjustments: Addressing emissions embodied in trade. Energy Policy, 92, 102–110, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.01.038.

Samadi, S. and C. Barthel, 2020: Meta-Analysis of industry sector transformation strategies in German, European, and global deep decarbonization scenarios. ECEEE Industrial Summer Study Proceedings. , 445–455. https://epub.wupperinst.org/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/7576/file/7576_Samadi.pdf

Sanchez, D.L., N. Johnson, S.T. McCoy, P.A. Turner, and K.J. Mach, 2018: Near-term deployment of carbon capture and sequestration from biorefineries in the United States. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 115(19) , 4875–4880, doi:10.1073/pnas.1719695115.

Sandalow, D. et al., 2019: Industrial heat decarbonization roadmap. ICCEF. Bonn, Germany, 75 pp. https://www.icef.go.jp/pdf/summary/roadmap/icef2019_roadmap.pdf . (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Sandberg, N.H. et al., 2016: Dynamic building stock modelling: Application to 11 European countries to support the energy efficiency and retrofit ambitions of the EU. Energy Build. , 132, 26–38, doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.05.100.

Sanjuán, M.Á., C. Andrade, P. Mora, and A. Zaragoza, 2020: Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Cement-Based Materials: A Spanish Case Study. Appl. Sci. , 10(1) , 339, doi:10.3390/app10010339.

Sari, A. and M. Akkaya, 2016: Contribution of Renewable Energy Potential to Sustainable Employment. Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci. , 229, 316–325, doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.07.142.

Sartor, O., 2013: Carbon Leakage in the Primary Aluminium Sector: What Evidence after 6.5 Years of the EU ETS?Elsevier BV. Amsterdam, Netherlands 20 pp.

Sartor, O., and C. Bataille, 2019: IDDRI Policy Brief: Decarbonising basic materials in Europe: How Carbon Contracts-for-Difference could help bring breakthrough technologies to market . IDDRI. Paris, France. 16 pp. https://www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/study/decarbonising-basic-materials-europe. (Accessed March, 27, 2021).

Saunders, H.D. et al., 2021: Energy Efficiency: What Has Research Delivered in the Last 40 Years?Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. , 46(1) , 135–165, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-084937.

Saussay, A. and M. Sato., 2018: The impacts of energy prices on industrial foreign investment location: evidence from global firm level data. Grantham Research on Climate Change and the Environment. London, UK. 63 pp.

Saygin, D. and D. Gielen, 2021: Zero-emission pathway for the global chemical and petrochemical sector. Energies, 14(13) , 3772, doi:10.3390/en14133772.

Saygin, D., E. Worrell, M.K. Patel, and D.J. Gielen, 2011: Benchmarking the energy use of energy-intensive industries in industrialized and in developing countries. Energy, 36(11) , 6661–6673, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.08.025.

SBTi, 2021: From Ambition To Impact: How Companies Are Reducing Emissions At Scale With Science-Based Targets. Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi) Annual Progress Report, 2020. 76 pp. https://sciencebasedtargets.org/resources/files/SBTiProgressReport2020.pdf . (Accessed August, 21, 2021).

Scheubel, C., T. Zipperle, and P. Tzscheutschler, 2017: Modeling of industrial-scale hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) – The profitability of decentralized supply for industry. Renew. Energy, 108, 52–63, doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.02.038.

Schipper, L., E. Deakin, and C. McAndrews, 2011: Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Urban Road Transport in Latin America: CO2Reduction as a Co-Benefit of Transport Strategies. In: Rothengatter, W., Hayashi, Y., Schade, W. (eds) Transport Moving to Climate Intelligence. Transportation Research, Economics and Policy. Springer, New York, NY. pp. 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7643-7_8

Schmalensee, R. and R.N. Stavins, 2017: Lessons learned from three decades of experience with cap and trade. Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy, 11(1) , 59–79, doi:10.1093/reep/rew017.

Schneider, M., 2019: The cement industry on the way to a low-carbon future. Cem. Concr. Res. , 124, 105792, doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105792.

Schneider, S., S. Bajohr, F. Graf, and T. Kolb, 2020: State of the Art of Hydrogen Production via Pyrolysis of Natural Gas. ChemBioEng Rev. , 7(5) , 150–158, doi:10.1002/cben.202000014.

Schoeneberger, C.A. et al., 2020: Solar for industrial process heat: A review of technologies, analysis approaches, and potential applications in the United States. Energy, 206, 118083, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.118083.

Schriever, M. and D. Halstrup, 2018: Exploring the adoption in transitioning markets: Empirical findings and implications on energy storage solutions-acceptance in the German manufacturing industry. Energy Policy, 120, 460–468, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.029.

Schroeder, P., K. Anggraeni, and U. Weber, 2019: The Relevance of Circular Economy Practices to the Sustainable Development Goals. J. Ind. Ecol. , 23(1) , 77–95, doi:10.1111/jiec.12732.

Schwarz, M., C. Nakhle, and C. Knoeri, 2020: Innovative designs of building energy codes for building decarbonization and their implementation challenges. J. Clean. Prod. , 248, 119260, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119260.

Scott, K., J. Giesekam, J. Barrett, and A. Owen, 2019: Bridging the climate mitigation gap with economy‐wide material productivity. J. Ind. Ecol. , 23(4) , 918–931, doi:10.1111/jiec.12831.

Scrivener, K.L., V.M. John, and E.M. Gartner, 2018: Eco-efficient cements: Potential economically viable solutions for a low-CO2 cement-based materials industry. Cem. Concr. Res. , 114 (December), 2–26, doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.03.015.

Sepulveda, N. A., J. D. Jenkins, F. J. de Sisternes, and R. K. Lester, 2018: The Role of Firm Low-Carbon Electricity Resources in Deep Decarbonization of Power Generation. Joule, 2(11) , 2403–2420, doi:10.1016/j.joule.2018.08.006.

Serrenho, A.C., Z.S. Mourão, J. Norman, J. M. Cullen, and J.M. Allwood, 2016: The influence of UK emissions reduction targets on the emissions of the global steel industry. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 107, 174–184, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.01.001.

Serrenho, A.C., J.B. Norman, and J.M. Allwood, 2017: The impact of reducing car weight on global emissions: The future fleet in Great Britain. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. , 375(2095) , 20160364, doi:10.1098/rsta.2016.0364.

Seto, K. C. et al., 2016: Carbon Lock-In: Types, Causes, and Policy Implications. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. , 41 (1), 425–452, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085934.

Shadram, F., S. Bhattacharjee, S. Lidelöw, J. Mukkavaara, and T. Olofsson, 2020: Exploring the trade-off in life cycle energy of building retrofit through optimization. Appl. Energy, 269, 115083, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115083.

Shanks, W. et al., 2019: How much cement can we do without? Lessons from cement material flows in the UK. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 141, 441–454, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.002.

Sharmina, M. et al., 2021: Decarbonising the critical sectors of aviation, shipping, road freight and industry to limit warming to 1.5–2°C. Clim. Policy, 21(4) , 455–474, doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1831430.

Shell, 2018: Shell Scenarios Sky: Meeting the Goals of Paris Agreement . The Hague, the Netherlands, 69 pp. https://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/scenarios/shell-scenario-sky.html. (Accessed December 23, 2019).

Shi, L. and B. Yu, 2014: Eco-industrial parks from strategic niches to development mainstream: The cases of China. Sustainability. , 6(9) , 6325–6331, doi:10.3390/su6096325.

Shoreh, M.H., P. Siano, M. Shafie-khah, V. Loia, and J.P.S. Catalão, 2016: A survey of industrial applications of Demand Response. Electr. Power Syst. Res. , 141, 31–49, doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2016.07.008.

Shuai, C.-M., L.-P. Ding, Y.-K. Zhang, Q. Guo, and J. Shuai, 2014: How consumers are willing to pay for low-carbon products? – Results from a carbon-labeling scenario experiment in China. J. Clean. Prod. , 83, 366–373, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2014.07.008.

Simonen, K. et al., 2019: Buy Clean Washington Study. UW, WSU and CWU. Washington D.C., USA. 173 pp.

Skelton, A.C.H. and J.M. Allwood, 2017: The carbon price: a toothless tool for material efficiency?Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. , 375(2095) , 20160374, doi:10.1098/rsta.2016.0374.

Smith, A. and R. Raven, 2012: What is protective space? Reconsidering niches in transitions to sustainability. Res. Policy, 41(6) , 1025–1036, doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.12.012.

Söderholm, P. et al., 2019: Technological development for sustainability: The role of network management in the innovation policy mix. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, 138, 309–323, doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.10.010.

Soo, V.K. et al., 2021: The influence of end-of-life regulation on vehicle material circularity: A comparison of Europe, Japan, Australia and the US. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 168 (November 2020), 105294, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105294.

Spangenberg, J.H. and S. Lorek, 2019: Sufficiency and consumer behaviour: From theory to policy. Energy Policy, 129, 1070–1079, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.03.013.

Statista, 2021a: World steel production and scrap consumption 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/270835/world-steel-production-and-scrap-consumption/ (Accessed August 28, 2021).

Statista, 2021b: Global plastic production 1950–2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950/ (Accessed August 28, 2021).

Steger, S. et al., 2019: Stoffstromorientierte Ermittlung des Beitrags der Sekundärrohstoffwirtschaft zur Schonung von Primärrohstoffen und Steigerung der Ressourcenproduktivität . Dessau, Germany, 391 pp. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/stoffstromorientierte-ermittlung-des-beitrags-der. (Accessed December 15, 2019).

Stern, D., 2019: Routledge Handbook of Energy Economics. [Soytaş, U. and R. Sarı, (eds.)]. Routledge, London, UK.

Sternberg, A. and A. Bardow, 2015: Power-to-What? – Environmental assessment of energy storage systems. Energy Environ. Sci. , 8(2) , 389–400, doi:10.1039/C4EE03051F.

Stiglitz, J., 2006: A New Agenda for Global Warming. Econ. Voice, 3(7) , doi:10.2202/1553-3832.1210.

Stiglitz, J.E., 2019: Addressing climate change through price and non-price interventions. Eur. Econ. Rev. , 119, 594–612, doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.05.007.

Stiglitz, J.E. et al., 2017: Report of the High-Level Commission on Carbon Prices. World Bank. Washington D.C., USA. 61 pp, doi:10.7916/D8-W2NC-4103.

Stork, M., J. de Beer, N. Lintmeijer, and B. den Ouden, 2018: Chemistry for Climate: Acting on the need for speed. Roadmap for the Dutch Chemical Industry towards 2050. KL Utrecht, the Netherlands, 101 pp. https://www.vnci.nl/Content/Files/file/Downloads/VNCI_Routekaart-2050.pdf . (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Streeck, J., D. Wiedenhofer, F. Krausmann, and H. Haberl, 2020: Stock-flow relations in the socio-economic metabolism of the United Kingdom 1800–2017. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 161, 104960, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104960.

Stripple, H., C. Ljungkrantz, T. Gustafsson, and R. Andersson, 2018: CO2uptake in cement-containing products. Background and calculation models for IPCC implementation. IVL. Stockholm, Sweden. 66 pp.

Styring, P., D. Jansen, H. Coninick, De, H. Reith, and K. Armstrong, 2011: Carbon Capture and Utilisation in the green economy. New York, USA, 60 pp. http://co2chem.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/CCU in the green economy report.pdf. (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Sudmant, A., A. Gouldson, J. Millward-Hopkins, K. Scott, and J. Barrett, 2018: Producer cities and consumer cities: Using production- and consumption-based carbon accounts to guide climate action in China, the UK, and the US. J. Clean. Prod. , 176, 654–662, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.139.

Sullivan, R. and A. Gouldson, 2012: Does voluntary carbon reporting meet investors’ needs?J. Clean. Prod. , 36, 60–67, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2012.02.020.

Sun, L. et al., 2017: Eco-benefits assessment on urban industrial symbiosis based on material flows analysis and emergy evaluation approach: A case of Liuzhou city, China. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 119, 78–88, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.06.007.

Sverdrup, H.U., D. Koca, and P. Schlyter, 2017: A Simple System Dynamics Model for the Global Production Rate of Sand, Gravel, Crushed Rock and Stone, Market Prices and Long-Term Supply Embedded into the WORLD6 Model. Biophys. Econ. Resour. Qual. , 2(2) , 8, doi:10.1007/s41247-017-0023-2.

Tagliapietra, S. and G.B. Wolff, 2021a: Form a climate club: United States, European Union and China. Nature, 591(7851) , 526–528, doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00736-2.

Tagliapietra, S. and G.B. Wolff, 2021b: Conditions are ideal for a new climate club. Energy Policy, 158, 112527, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112527.

Tait, P., C. Saunders, M. Guenther, and P. Rutherford, 2016: Emerging versus developed economy consumer willingness to pay for environmentally sustainable food production: a choice experiment approach comparing Indian, Chinese and United Kingdom lamb consumers. J. Clean. Prod. , 124, 65–72, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2016.02.088.

Talens Peiró, L., D. Polverini, F. Ardente, and F. Mathieux, 2020: Advances towards circular economy policies in the EU: The new Ecodesign regulation of enterprise servers. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 154, 104426, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104426.

Tan, M.Q.B., R.B.H. Tan, and H.H. Khoo, 2014: Prospects of carbon labelling – a life cycle point of view. J. Clean. Prod. , 72, 76–88, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2012.09.035.

Tanaka, K., 2008: Assessment of energy efficiency performance measures in industry and their application for policy. Energy Policy, 36(8) , 2887–2902, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.03.032.

Tanaka, K., 2011: Review of policies and measures for energy efficiency in industry sector. Energy Policy, 39(10) , 6532–6550, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.058.

Tang, Y. and F. You, 2018: Multicriteria Environmental and Economic Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Power Plant with Carbon Capture and Separation from the Life-Cycle Perspective. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. , 6(1) , 937–956, doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03283.

Tanzer, S.E. and A. Ramírez, 2019: When are negative emissions negative emissions?Energy Environ. Sci. , 12(4) , 1210–1218, doi:10.1039/c8ee03338b.

Tanzer, S.E., K. Blok, and A. Ramírez, 2021: Decarbonising Industry via BECCS: Promising Sectors, Challenges, and Techno-economic Limits of Negative Emissions. Curr. Sustain. Energy Reports, 8(4), 253–262, doi:10.1007/s40518-021-00195-3.

Tapia Carlos et al., 2019: Circular Economy and Territorial Consequences. Luxembourg, 84 pp. https://www.espon.eu/circular-economy.

Tchung-Ming, S., A. Diaz Vazquez, and K. Keramidas, 2018: Global Energy and Climate Outlook 2018: Greenhouse gas emissions and energy balances. JRC. Sevilla, Spain. 244 pp.

Testa, F., F. Iraldo, M. Frey, and T. Daddi, 2012: What factors influence the uptake of GPP (green public procurement) practices? New evidence from an Italian survey. Ecol. Econ. , 82, 88–96, doi:10.1016/J.ECOLECON.2012.07.011.

Testa, F., E. Annunziata, F. Iraldo, and M. Frey, 2016: Drawbacks and opportunities of green public procurement: An effective tool for sustainable production. J. Clean. Prod. , 112, 1893–1900, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.092.

Thiébaud, E., L.M. Hilty, M. Schluep, and M. Faulstich, 2017: Use, Storage, and Disposal of Electronic Equipment in Switzerland. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 51(8) , 4494–4502, doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b06336.

Thomas, V. M., 2003: Demand and Dematerialization Impacts of Second-Hand Markets: Reuse or More Use?J. Ind. Ecol. , 7(2) , 65–78, doi:10.1162/108819803322564352.

Thunman, H. et al., 2019: Circular use of plastics-transformation of existing petrochemical clusters into thermochemical recycling plants with 100% plastics recovery. Sustain. Mater. Technol. , 22, e00124, doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2019.e00124.

Tian, J., W. Liu, B. Lai, X. Li, and L. Chen, 2014: Study of the performance of eco-industrial park development in China. J. Clean. Prod. , 64, 486–494, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2013.08.005.

Tong, D. et al., 2019: Committed emissions from existing energy infrastructure jeopardize 1.5°C climate target. Nature, 572(7769) , 373–377, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1364-3.

Tönjes, A., K. Knoop, T. Lechtenböhmer, H. Mölter, and K. Witte, 2020: Dynamics of cross-industry low-carbon innovation in energy intensive industries. ECEEE Industrial Summer Study Proceedings. , 467–476. https://www.eceee.org/library/conference_proceedings/eceee_Industrial_Summer_Study/2020/6-deep-decarbonisation-of-industry/dynamics-of-cross-industry-low-carbon-innovation-in-energy-intensive-industries/. (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Tost, M., M. Hitch, S. Lutter, S. Feiel, and P. Moser, 2020: Carbon prices for meeting the Paris agreement and their impact on key metals. Extr. Ind. Soc. , 7(2) , 593–599, doi:10.1016/j.exis.2020.01.012.

Tunnessen, W. and D. Macri, 2017: Plant-level Goal and Recognition Programs as a Strategic Energy Management Tool. 2017 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry, Denver, CO, USA, 176–187. https://www.aceee.org/files/proceedings/2017/data/polopoly_fs/1.3687835.1501159018!/fileserver/file/790245/filename/0036_0053_000055.pdf . (Accessed August 28, 2021).

Tvinnereim, E. and M. Mehling, 2018: Carbon pricing and deep decarbonisation. Energy Policy, 121, 185–189, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.06.020.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2021: Mineral Commodity Summaries. Reston, VA, USA. 200 pp.

Ueckerdt, F. et al., 2021: Potential and risks of hydrogen-based e-fuels in climate change mitigation. Nat. Clim. Change, 11(5) , 384–393, doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01032-7.

UKCCC, 2019a: Net Zero: The UK’s contribution to stopping global warming. London, UK, 275 pp. https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Net-Zero-The-UKs-contribution-to-stopping-global-warming.pdf .

UKCCC, 2019b: Net Zero Technical Report . London, UK, 302 pp. https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/net-zero-technical-report/.

UN, 2015: World Population Prospects 2015. https://population.un.org/wpp/ ((Accessed December 20, 2020)).

UNEP, 2017: 2017 Global Review of Sustainable Public Procurement . Paris, France, 124 pp.

UNEP, 2018: Single-use plastics: A roadmap for sustainability. Nairobi, Kenya, 104 pp.

UNEP, 2019: Emissions Gap Report 2019. Paris, France. 81 pp. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2019. (Accessed December 19, 2020).

UNEP, and IRP, 2020: Global Material Flows Database. https://www.resource panel.org/global-material-flows-database (Accessed December 20, 2020).

UNIDO, 2010: Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking. An Energy Policy Tool. Vienna, Austria. 58 pp.

UNSD, 2020: Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development . 21 pp. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global Indicator Framework after 2020 review_Eng.pdf. (Accessed October 19, 2021).

USEPA, and ICF, 2012: Global Anthropogenic Non-CO2Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990–2030. Washington D.C., USA, 176 pp. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/epa_global_nonco2_projections_dec2012.pdf . (Accessed December 15, 2019).

USGBC-LA, 2018: Buy Clean California – USGBC LA. https://usgbc-la.org/programs/buy-clean-california/ (Accessed October 29, 2021).

van der Meijden, C.M., L.P.L.M. Rabou, B.J. Vreugdenhil, and R. Smit, 2011: Large Scale Production of Bio Methane from Wood. The International Gas Union Research Conference IGRC, Seoul, South Korea, 16 ppftp://ftp.ecn.nl/pub/www/library/report/2011/m11098.pdf . (Accessed March, 27, 2021)

Van Ewijk, S., J.A. Stegemann, and P. Ekins, 2018: Global life cycle paper flows, recycling metrics, and material efficiency. J. Ind. Ecol. , 22(4) , 686–693, doi:10.1111/jiec.12613.

Van Rijnsoever, F.J., J. Van Den Berg, J. Koch, and M.P. Hekkert, 2015: Smart innovation policy: How network position and project composition affect the diversity of an emerging technology. Res. Policy, 44(5) , 1094–1107, doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.12.004.

van Vuuren, D.P. et al., 2018: Alternative pathways to the 1.5°C target reduce the need for negative emission technologies. Nat. Clim. Change, 8(5) , 391–397, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0119-8.

Vanclay, J.K. et al., 2011: Customer Response to Carbon Labelling of Groceries. J. Consum. Policy, 34(1) , 153–160, doi:10.1007/s10603-010-9140-7.

Vogl, V., M. Åhman, and L.J. Nilsson, 2018: Assessment of hydrogen direct reduction for fossil-free steelmaking. J. Clean. Prod. , 203, 736–745, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.279.

Vogl, V., M. Åhman, and L.J. Nilsson, 2021a: The making of green steel in the EU: a policy evaluation for the early commercialization phase. Clim. Policy, 21(1) , 78–92, doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1803040.

Vogl, V., O. Olsson, and B. Nykvist, 2021b: Phasing out the blast furnace to meet global climate targets. Joule, 5(10) , 2646–2662, doi:10.1016/j.joule.2021.09.007.

Vogt-Schilb, A. and S. Hallegatte, 2017: Climate policies and nationally determined contributions: reconciling the needed ambition with the political economy. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Energy Environ. , 6(6) , e256, doi:10.1002/wene.256.

Vogt-Schilb, A., G. Meunier, and S. Hallegatte, 2018: When starting with the most expensive option makes sense: Optimal timing, cost and sectoral allocation of abatement investment. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. , 88, 210–233, doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2017.12.001.

Voldsund, M. et al., 2019: Comparison of technologies for CO2 capture from cement production—Part 1: Technical evaluation. Energies, 12(3) , 559, doi:10.3390/en12030559.

Vollmer, I. et al., 2020: Beyond Mechanical Recycling: Giving New Life to Plastic Waste. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. , 59(36) , 15402–15423, doi:10.1002/anie.201915651.

Vreys, K., S. Lizin, M. Van Dael, J. Tharakan, and R. Malina, 2019: Exploring the future of carbon capture and utilisation by combining an international Delphi study with local scenario development. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 146, 484–501, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.027.

Wang, D.D., and T. Sueyoshi, 2018: Climate change mitigation targets set by global firms: Overview and implications for renewable energy. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 94, 386–398, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.06.024.

Wang, N., J.C.K. Lee, J. Zhang, H. Chen, and H. Li, 2018: Evaluation of Urban circular economy development: An empirical research of 40 cities in China. J. Clean. Prod. , 180, 876–887, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.089.

Wang, P. et al., 2021: Efficiency stagnation in global steel production urges joint supply- and demand-side mitigation efforts. Nat. Commun. , 12(1) , 2066, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22245-6.

Wang, Q. et al., 2019: Distributional impact of carbon pricing in Chinese provinces. Energy Econ. , 81, 327–340, doi:10.1016/J.ENECO.2019.04.003.

Wang, W., C. Li, and S. Wang, 2017: Big data used in energy efficiency and load forecasting of heating boilers. 2017 36th Chinese Control Conference (CCC) , IEEE, 5638–5641.

Wang, X. and K. Lo, 2021: Just transition: A conceptual review. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. , 82, 102291, doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102291.

Wanzenböck, I., J.H. Wesseling, K. Frenken, M.P. Hekkert, and K.M. Weber, 2020: A framework for mission-oriented innovation policy: Alternative pathways through the problem–solution space. Sci. Public Policy, 47(4), 474–489doi:10.1093/scipol/scaa027.

Warwick, K., 2013: Beyond Industrial Policy: Emerging Issues and New Trends.OECD Paris, France.

WBCSD, 2016: Cement Industry Energy and CO2Performance. Getting the Numbers Right . Geneva, Switzerland. 20 pp. https://docs.wbcsd.org/2016/12/GNR.pdf . (Accessed December, 19, 2020).

Weber, K.M. and H. Rohracher, 2012: Legitimizing research, technology and innovation policies for transformative change: Combining insights from innovation systems and multi-level perspective in a comprehensive “failures” framework. Res. Policy, 41(6) , 1037–1047, doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.10.015.

Wesseling, J.H., and C. Edquist, 2018: Public procurement for innovation to help meet societal challenges: A review and case study. Sci. Public Policy, 45(4) , 493–502, doi:10.1093/SCIPOL/SCY013.

Wesseling, J.H. et al., 2017: The transition of energy intensive processing industries towards deep decarbonization: Characteristics and implications for future research. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 79 (January), 1303–1313, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.156.

Wiebe, K.S., M. Harsdorff, G. Montt, M.S. Simas, and R. Wood, 2019: Global Circular Economy Scenario in a Multiregional Input-Output Framework. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 53(11) , 6362–6373, doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b01208.

Wiedenhofer, D., T. Fishman, C. Lauk, W. Haas, and F. Krausmann, 2019: Integrating Material Stock Dynamics Into Economy-Wide Material Flow Accounting: Concepts, Modelling, and Global Application for 1900–2050. Ecol. Econ. , 156, 121–133, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.09.010.

Williams, C., A. Hasanbeigi, G. Wu, and L. Price, 2012: International Experiences with Quantifying the Co-Benefits of Energy-Efficiency and Greenhouse-Gas Mitigation Programs and Policies. Berkeley, CA, USA, 102 pp.

Williams, J.H. et al., 2021: Carbon‐Neutral Pathways for the United States. AGU Adv. , 2(1) , doi:10.1029/2020AV000284.

Wilson, C. and A. Grubler, 2011: Lessons from the history of technological change for clean energy scenarios and policies. Nat. Resour. Forum, 35(3) , 165–184, doi:10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01386.x.

Wilson, E.J., T.L. Johnson, and D.W. Keith, 2003: Regulating the Ultimate Sink: Managing the Risks of Geologic CO2 Storage. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 37(16) , 3476–3483, doi: https://doi.org/10. 1021/es021038+.

Wilts, H. and I. Bakas, 2019: Preventing plastic waste in Europe. Copenhagen, Denmark, 57 pp. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/preventing-plastic-waste-in-europe.

Wilts, H., N. von Gries, and B. Bahn-Walkowiak, 2016: From waste management to resource efficiency-the need for policy mixes. Sustainability. , 8(7) , 1–16, doi:10.3390/su8070622.

Winans, K., A. Kendall, and H. Deng, 2017: The history and current applications of the circular economy concept. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 68, 825–833, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.123.

World Bank, 2020: Carbon Pricing Dashboard | Up-to-date overview of carbon pricing initiatives. World Bank. https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/ (Accessed October 26, 2021).

World Bank, 2021: World Bank Development Indicators. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/ (Accessed August 28, 2021).

World Bank Group, 2019: State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019. Washington, DC, USA, 94 pp.

World Steel Association, 2020a: Statistical yearbook2010–2020. Brussels, Belgium. 42 pp. https://www.worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/statistics/steel-statistical-yearbook.html. (Accessed December, 19, 2020).

World Steel Association, 2020b: Steel’s contribution to a low carbon future and climate resilient societies. Brussels, Belgium. 6 pp. https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:7ec64bc1-c51c-439b-84b8-94496686b8c6/Position_paper_climate_2020_vfinal.pdf . (Accessed March, 27, 2021).

World Steel Association, 2021: World Steel in Figures 2021. Brussels, Belgium. 32 pp. https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:976723ed-74b3-47b4-92f6-81b6a452b86e/World%2520Steel%2520in%2520Figures%25202021.pdf . (Accessed August, 28, 2021).

Worrell, E., J. Allwood, and T. Gutowski, 2016: The Role of Material Efficiency in Environmental Stewardship. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. , 41(1) , 575–598, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085737.

WRAP and Green Alliance, 2015: Employment and the circular economy: Job creation in a more resource efficient Britain. Banbury, UK, 24 pp. https://wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Employment and the circular economy summary.pdf. (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Wu, P., S.P. Low, B. Xia, and J. Zuo, 2014: Achieving transparency in carbon labelling for construction materials – Lessons from current assessment standards and carbon labels. Environ. Sci. Policy, 44, 11–25, doi:10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2014.07.009.

Wu, R., Y. Geng, X. Cui, Z. Gao, and Z. Liu, 2019: Reasons for recent stagnancy of carbon emissions in China’s industrial sectors. Energy, 172, 457–466, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.156.

Wyns, T., G. Khandekar, M. Axelson, O. Sartor, and K. Neuhoff, 2019: Industrial Transformation 2050 – Towards an Industrial strategy for a Climate Neutral Europe. Brussels, Belgium, 79 pp. https://www.ies.be/files/Industrial_Transformat ion_2050_0.pdf .

Xiang, D., Y. Qian, Y. Man, and S. Yang, 2014: Techno-economic analysis of the coal-to-olefins process in comparison with the oil-to-olefins process. Appl. Energy, 113(113) , 639–647, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.08.013.

Xylia, M., S. Silveira, J. Duerinck, and F. Meinke-Huben, 2016: Worldwide resource efficient steel production. In: Eceee Industrial Summer Study Proceedings, Stockholm, Sweden. pp. 321–333.

Xylia, M., S. Silveira, J. Duerinck, and F. Meinke-Hubeny, 2018: Weighing regional scrap availability in global pathways for steel production processes. Energy Effic. , 11(5) , 1135–1159, doi:10.1007/s12053-017-9583-7.

Yamada, K. and K. Tanaka, 2019: Promotion of Constructing Zero Carbon Society: Effectiveness of Quantitative Evaluation of Technology and System for Sustainable Economic Developmente. T20 Japan, Tokyo, Japan. 19 pp. https://t20japan.org/policy-brief-promotion-constructing-zero-carbon-society/. (Accessed March 27, 2021).

Yang, Y. et al., 2019: Progress in coal chemical technologies of China. Rev. Chem. Eng. , 36(1) , 21–66, doi:10.1515/revce-2017-0026.

Yao, Y. and E. Masanet, 2018: Life-cycle modeling framework for generating energy and greenhouse gas emissions inventory of emerging technologies in the chemical industry. J. Clean. Prod. , 172, 768–777, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.125.

Yoshimoto, Y., 2016: Realization of productivity improvement and energy saving by data utilization to a factory. Spring meeting, the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, pp. 443–444. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pscjspe/2016S/0/2016S_443/_pdf/-char/ja.

Zachmann, G. and B. McWilliams, 2020: A European carbon border tax: much pain, little gain. Bruegel, Brussels, Belgium, 19 pp.

Zhang, Z. et al., 2020: Recent advances in carbon dioxide utilization. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 125 (March), 109799, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.109799.

Zheng, J. and S. Suh, 2019: Strategies to reduce the global carbon footprint of plastics. Nat. Clim. Change, 9(5) , 374–378, doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0459-z.

Zhou, N. et al., 2013: China’s energy and emissions outlook to 2050: Perspectives from bottom-up energy end-use model. Energy Policy, 53, 51–62, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.09.065.

Zhou, N. et al., 2019: A roadmap for China to peak carbon dioxide emissions and achieve a 20% share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy by 2030. Appl. Energy, 239 (February), 793–819, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.154.

Zhou, N. et al., 2020: China Energy Outlook: Understanding China’s Energy and Emissions Trends. Berkeley, USA, 135 pp.

Zhu, Q., Y. Geng, and J. Sarkis, 2013: Motivating green public procurement in China: An individual level perspective. J. Environ. Manage. , 126, 85–95, doi:10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2013.04.009.

Zimmerman, J.B., P.T. Anastas, H.C. Erythropel, and W. Leitner, 2020: Designing for a green chemistry future., 367(6476) , 397–400, doi:10.1126/science.aay3060.

Zühlsdorf, B., F. Bühler, M. Bantle, and B. Elmegaard, 2019: Analysis of technologies and potentials for heat pump-based process heat supply above 150°C. Energy Convers. Manag. X, 2, 100011, doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2019.100011.