1.5.2 Exposure of Natural Systems, Ecosystems, and Human Systems

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Chapter 1: Framing and Context of the Report1.5 Risk and Impacts Related to Ocean and Cryosphere Change

1.5.2Exposure of Natural Systems, Ecosystems, and Human Systems

… and salinisation (Section 4.3), ocean acidification and deoxygenation (Sections 3.2.3, 5.2.3), increasing marine heatwaves (Section 6.4.1.2), and increases in harmful algal blooms and invasive species (Glibert et al., 2014; Gobler et al., 2017; Townhill et al., 2017; Box 5.3). …

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Summary for Policymakers

AObserved changes and impacts

… ecosystem integrity and sharing of resources between fishing entities (high confidence). {3.2.4, 3.5.3, 5.4.2, 5.5.2, Figure SPM.2} A.8.2 Harmful algal blooms display range expansion and increased frequency in coastal areas since the 1980s in response to both climatic and non-climatic drivers …

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6Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks

… in the Northeast Pacific: Winners, Losers, and the Future. Oceanography, 29(2), 273–285, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2016.32. Berdalet, E. et al., 2016: Marine harmful algal blooms , human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 96(1), 61–91, doi:10.1017/S0025315415001733. …

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5Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities

… Rose, J.M. and D.A. Caron, 2007: Does low temperature constrain the growth rates of heterotrophic protists? Evidence and implications for algal blooms in cold waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 52(2), 886–895. Isla, J.A., K. Lengfellner and U. Sommer, 2008: Physiological response of the copepod …

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1Framing and Context of the Report

… Biol., 20(12), 3845-3858, doi:10.1111/gcb.12662. Gobler, C. J. et al., 2017: Ocean warming since 1982 has expanded the niche of toxic algal blooms in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 114(19), 4975-4980, doi:10.1073/pnas.1619575114. Townhill, B. et al., …

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Chapter 3: Polar regions3.2 Sea Ice and Polar Oceans: Changes, Consequences and Impacts3.2.3 Impacts on Marine Ecosystems

3.2.3.23.2.3.2 Southern Ocean

… and storage by Antarctic benthic communities is predicted to increase with sea ice losses, because across-shelf growth gains from longer algal blooms outweigh ice scour mortality in the shallows (Barnes, 2017). Bentho-pelagic coupling and vertical energy flux will also influence Southern …

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3Polar regions

… the Arctic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (20), 10,479-10,485, doi:10.1002/2017gl075494. Olsen, L. M. et al., 2017: The seeding of ice algal blooms in Arctic pack ice: The multiyear ice seed repository hypothesis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 122 (7), 1529-1548, doi:10.1002/2016jg003668. Granskog, …

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Summary for Policymakers

BProjected changes and risks

… in marine plants and animals (medium confidence), increasing prevalence of waterborne Vibrio pathogens (medium confidence), and heightened likelihood of harmful algal blooms (medium confidence). These risks are projected to be particularly large for human communities with high consumption of seafood, including coastal …

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