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Figure 3.17a
(a)Newly prepared micro water harvesting catchment, using the Vallerani system.
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Preface
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SPM
Chapter TS
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter A-I
Chapter A-II
Chapter A-III
Chapter A-IV
Chapter A-V
Summary for Policymakers
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1
Introduction
A
People, land and climate in a warming world
B
Adaptation and mitigation response options
C
Enabling response options
D
Action in the near-term
+
Acknowledgements
+
Citation
+
SPM in UN Languages
Technical Summary
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Framing and Context
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ES
Executive Summary
1.1
Introduction and scope of the report
1.1.1
Objectives and scope of the assessment
1.1.2
Status and dynamics of the (global) land system
1.1.2.1
1.1.2.1 Land ecosystems and climate change
1.1.2.2
Current patterns of land use and land cover
1.1.2.3
Past and ongoing trends
1.2
Key challenges related to land use change
1.2.1
Land system change, land degradation, desertification and food security
1.2.1.1
Future trends in the global land system
1.2.1.2
Land degradation
1.2.1.3
Desertification
1.2.1.4
Food security, food systems and linkages to land-based ecosystems
1.2.1.5
Challenges arising from land governance
1.2.2
Progress in dealing with uncertainties in assessing land processes in the climate system
1.2.2.1
Concepts related to risk, uncertainty and confidence
1.2.2.2
Nature and scope of uncertainties related to land use
1.2.2.3
Uncertainties in decision-making
1.3
Response options to the key challenges
1.3.1
Targeted decarbonisation relying on large land-area need
1.3.2
Land management
1.3.2.1
Agricultural, forest and soil management
1.3.3
Value chain management
1.3.3.1
Supply management
1.3.3.2
Demand management
1.3.4
Risk management
1.3.5
Economics of land-based mitigation pathways: Costs versus benefits of early action under uncertainty
1.3.6
Adaptation measures and scope for co-benefits with mitigation
1.4
Enabling the response
1.4.1
Governance to enable the response
1.4.2
Gender agency as a critical factor in climate and land sustainability outcomes
1.4.3
Policy instruments
1.4.3.1
Legal and regulatory instruments
1.4.3.2
Economic and financial instruments
1.4.3.3
Rights-based instruments and customary norms
1.4.3.4
Social and cultural norms
1.5
The interdisciplinary nature of the SRCCL
Land–Climate interactions
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ES
Executive Summary
2.1
Introduction: Land–climate interactions
2.1.1
Recap of previous IPCC and other relevant reports as baselines
2.1.2
Introduction to the chapter structure
2.2
The effect of climate variability and change on land
2.2.1
Overview of climate impacts on land
2.2.1.1
Climate drivers of land form and function
2.2.1.2
Changes in global land surface air temperature
2.2.2
Climate-driven changes in aridity
2.2.3
The influence of climate change on food security
2.2.4
Climate-driven changes in terrestrial ecosystems
2.2.5
Climate extremes and their impact on land functioning
2.2.5.1
Changes in extreme temperatures, heatwaves and drought
2.2.5.2
Impacts of heat extremes and drought on land
2.2.5.3
Changes in heavy precipitation
2.2.5.4
Impacts of precipitation extremes on different land cover types
2.3
Greenhouse gas fluxes between land and atmosphere
2.3.1
Carbon dioxide
2.3.1.1
The total net flux of CO2 between land and atmosphere
2.3.1.2
Separation of the total net land flux into AFOLU fluxes and the land sink
2.3.1.3
Gross emissions and removals contributing to AFOLU emissions
2.3.1.4
Gross emissions and removals contributing to the non-anthropogenic land sink
2.3.1.5
Potential impact of mitigation on atmospheric CO
2
concentrations
2.3.2
Methane
2.3.2.1
Atmospheric trends
2.3.2.2
Land use effects
2.3.3
Nitrous oxide
2.3.3.1
Atmospheric trends
2.3.3.2
Land use effects
2.4
Emissions and impacts of short-lived climate forcers (SLCF) from land
2.4.1
Mineral dust
2.4.1.1
Mineral dust as a short-lived climate forcer from land
2.4.1.2
Effects of past climate change on dust emissions and feedbacks
2.4.1.3
Future changes of dust emissions
2.4.2
Carbonaceous aerosols
2.4.2.1
Carbonaceous aerosol precursors of short-lived climate forcers from land
2.4.2.2
Effects of past climate change on carbonaceous aerosols emissions and feedbacks
2.4.2.3
Future changes of carbonaceous aerosol emissions
2.4.3
Biogenic volatile organic compounds
2.4.3.1
BVOC precursors of short-lived climate forcers from land
2.4.3.2
Historical changes of BVOCs and contribution to climate change
2.4.3.3
Future changes of BVOCs
2.5
Land impacts on climate and weather through biophysical and GHG effects
2.5.1
Impacts of historical and future anthropogenic land cover changes
2.5.1.1
Impacts of global historical land cover changes on climate
2.5.1.2
Impacts of future global land cover changes on climate
2.5.2
Impacts of specific land use changes
2.5.2.1
Impacts of deforestation and forestation
2.5.2.2
Impacts of changes in land management
2.5.3
Amplifying/dampening climate changes via land responses
2.5.3.1
Effects of changes in land cover and productivity resulting from global warming
2.5.3.2
Feedbacks to climate from high-latitude land-surface changes
2.5.3.3
Feedbacks related to changes in soil moisture resulting from global warming
2.5.4
Non-local and downwind effects resulting from changes in land cover
2.6
Climate consequences of response options
2.6.1
Climate impacts of individual response options
2.6.1.1
Land management in agriculture
2.6.1.2
Land management in forests
2.6.1.3
Land management of soils
2.6.1.4
Land management in other ecosystems
2.6.1.5
Bioenergy and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
2.6.1.6
Enhanced weathering
2.6.1.7
Demand management in the food sector (diet change, waste reduction)
2.6.2
Integrated pathways for climate change mitigation
2.6.3
The contribution of response options to the Paris Agreement
2.7
Plant and soil processes underlying land–climate interactions
2.7.1
Temperature responses of plant and ecosystem production
2.7.2
Water transport through soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and drought mortality
2.7.3
Soil microbial effects on soil nutrient dynamics and plant responses to elevated CO2
2.7.4
Vertical distribution of soil organic carbon
2.7.5
Soil carbon responses to warming and changes in soil moisture
2.7.6
Soil carbon responses to changes in organic matter inputs by plants
Desertification
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Land Degradation
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Food Security
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Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options
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Risk management and decision making in relation to sustainable development
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Annex-I Glossary
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Annex-II Acronyms
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Annex-III Contributors
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Annex-IV Reviewers
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Annex-V Index
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