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Chapter 33.43.4.2

3.4.2.3Groundwater

… land-use changes, and they showed a predominantly negative lake-level trend in 1999–2008 (Kaiser et al., 2014). WGII AR5 concluded that climate change is projected to reduce groundwater resources significantly in most dry subtropical regions (high confidence) (Jiménez Cisneros et al., 2014). In …

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Chapter 33.43.4.2

3.4.2.2Extreme hydrological events (floods and droughts)

… vulnerability (high confidence) (Jiménez Cisneros et al., 2014). There was low confidence due to limited evidence, however, that anthropogenic climate change has affected the frequency and magnitude of floods. WGII AR5 also concluded that there is no evidence that surface water …

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Chapter 33.43.4.2

3.4.2.1Water availability

… by indicators including water availability, water demand and pollution (Jiménez Cisneros et al., 2014). UNESCO (2011) concluded that climate change can alter the availability of water and threaten water security. Although physical changes in streamflow and continental runoff that are consistent …

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Chapter 33.4

3.4.1Introduction

… natural and human systems. This section also includes an exploration of adaptation opportunities that could be important steps towards reducing climate change , thereby laying the ground for later discussions on opportunities to tackle both mitigation and adaptation while at the same …

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Chapter 33.3

3.3.11Global Synthesis

Table 3.2 features a summary of the assessments of global and regional climate change s and associated hazards described in this chapter, based on the existing literature. For more details about observation and attribution …

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Chapter 33.3

3.3.10Ocean Chemistry

… and the atmospheric deposition of acidic materials (Omstedt et al., 2015). These sources may not be directly attributable to climate change , but they may amplify the impacts of ocean acidification (Bates and Peters, 2007; Duarte et al., 2013). Ocean …

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Chapter 33.3

3.3.9Sea Level

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Chapter 33.3

3.3.7Ocean Circulation and Temperature

… year (Burrows et al., 2014; García Molinos et al., 2015). Long-term patterns of variability make detecting signals due to climate change complex, although the recent acceleration of changes to the temperature of the surface layers of the ocean has made the …

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Chapter 33.3

3.3.6Tropical Cyclones and Extratropical Storms

… based on statistical downscaling methodologies contradict these findings, however, and indicate increases in the global number of tropical cyclones under climate change (Emanuel, 2017). Most studies also indicate increases in the global number of very intense tropical cyclones under high levels …

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Chapter 33.33.3.5

3.3.5.2Projected changes in runoff and river flooding at 1.5°C versus 2°C of global warming

… of South America at 2°C. Regarding the continental scale, Donnelly et al. (2017) and Thober et al. (2018) explored climate change impacts on European high flows and/or floods under 1.5°C, 2°C and 3°C of global warming. Thober et al. (2018) …

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