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Chapter 33.43.4.5

3.4.5.2Cities

… heights under a non-mitigation scenario (RCP8.5) could be more than 2 m higher (on average for 136 megacities) than under climate change mitigation scenarios at 1.5°C or 2°C (Nicholls et al., 2018). Thus, rising sea levels commit coastal cities to long-term …

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Chapter 33.43.4.5

3.4.5.1Global / sub-global scale

Sea level rise (SLR) and other oceanic climate change s are already resulting in salinization, flooding, and erosion and in the future are projected to affect human and ecological …

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Chapter 33.4

3.4.5Coastal and Low-Lying Areas, and Sea Level Rise

Sea level rise (SLR) is accelerating in response to climate change (Section 3.3.9; Church et al., 2013) and will produce significant impacts (high confidence). In this section, impacts and projections …

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Chapter 33.43.4.4

3.4.4.12Key ecosystem services (e.g., carbon uptake, coastal protection, and tropical coral reef recreation)

… tropical coral reefs are high, especially given the vulnerability of this ecosystem type, and others (e.g., seagrass and mangroves), to climate change (medium confidence) (Figure 3.18). Coastal protection is a service provided by natural barriers such as mangroves, seagrass meadows, coral reefs, …

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Chapter 33.43.4.4

3.4.4.11Ocean foodwebs (pteropods, bivalves, krill and fin fish)

… many risks associated with impacts at the ecosystem scale, most adaptation options focus on the management of stresses unrelated to climate change but resulting from human activities, such as pollution and habitat destruction. Reducing these stresses will be important in efforts to …

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Chapter 33.43.4.4

3.4.4.10Framework organisms (tropical corals, mangroves and seagrass)

… al., 2014; Barbier, 2015; Bell and Taylor, 2015; Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2015; Mycoo, 2017; Pecl et al., 2017). Risks of climate change impacts for seagrass and mangrove ecosystems were recently assessed by an expert group led by Short et al. (2016). …

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Chapter 33.43.4.4

3.4.4.9Projected risks and adaptation options for oceans under global warming of 1.5°C or 2°C above pre-industrial levels

… consensus of Gattuso et al. (2015) by assessing new literature from 2015–2017 and adjusting the levels of risk from climate change in the light of literature since 2014. The original expert group’s assessment (Supplementary Material 3.SM.3.2) was used as input for …

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Chapter 33.43.4.4

3.4.4.8Sea level rise

… 2016; Nicholls et al., 2018), as well as from a wide range of other risks and impacts unrelated to climate change , with the ongoing loss of wetlands recently estimated at approximately 1% per annum across a large number of countries …

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Chapter 33.43.4.4

3.4.4.7Loss of sea ice

… with an assessment of the literature revealing that a fundamental transformation is occurring in polar organisms and ecosystems, driven by climate change (high confidence) (Larsen et al., 2014). These changes are strongly affecting people in the Arctic who have close relationships …

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Chapter 33.43.4.4

3.4.4.6Deoxygenation

… al., 2018). Concentrations of oxygen in the ocean are declining (high confidence) owing to three main factors related to climate change : (i) heat-related stratification of the water column (less ventilation and mixing), (ii) reduced oxygen solubility as ocean temperature increases, …

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