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Chapter 33.4

3.4.8Urban Areas

There is new literature on urban climate change and its differential impacts on and risks for infrastructure sectors – energy, water, transport and buildings ­– and vulnerable populations, …

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Chapter 33.43.4.7

3.4.7.1Projected risk at 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming

… activity. Safe work activity and worker productivity during the hottest months of the year would be increasingly compromised with additional climate change (medium confidence) (Dunne et al., 2013; Kjellstrom et al., 2013, 2018; Sheffield et al., 2013; Habibi Mohraz et al., 2016)[reference …

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Chapter 33.4

3.4.7Human Health

… Smith et al., 2014). Health detection and attribution studies conducted since AR5 have provided evidence, using multistep attribution, that climate change is negatively affecting adverse health outcomes associated with heatwaves, Lyme disease in Canada, and Vibrio emergence in northern Europe (Mitchell, …

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Chapter 33.43.4.6

3.4.6.3Fisheries and aquaculture production

… expected to be moderate under RCP2.6 and very high under RCP8.5 (Gattuso et al., 2015). The risks related to climate change for fin fish (Section 3.4.4) are producing a number of challenges for small-scale fisheries (e.g., Kittinger, 2013; Pauly and Charles, …

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Chapter 33.43.4.6

3.4.6.2Livestock production

Studies of climate change impacts on livestock production are few in number. Climate change is expected to directly affect yield quantity and quality (Notenbaert …

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Chapter 33.43.4.6

3.4.6.1Crop production

Quantifying the observed impacts of climate change on food security and food production systems requires assumptions about the many non-climate variables that interact with

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Chapter 33.43.4.5

3.4.5.7Adapting to coastal change

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Chapter 33.43.4.5

3.4.5.5Wetlands

… to increased marsh flooding and further accretion (Hill and Anisfeld, 2015). This change stimulated marsh carbon storage and aided climate change mitigation. Salinization may lead to shifts in wetland communities and their ecosystem functions (Herbert et al., 2015). Some projections of …

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Chapter 33.43.4.5

3.4.5.4Deltas and estuaries

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Chapter 33.43.4.5

3.4.5.3Small islands

… impacts of SLR at 1.5°C and 2°C. Small islands are projected to be at risk and very sensitive to coastal climate change and other stressors (high confidence) (Nurse et al., 2014; Benjamin and Thomas, 2016; Ourbak and Magnan, 2017; Brown et al., …

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