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Chapter 44.3

4.3.3 Urban and Infrastructure System Transitions

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Chapter 44.34.3.2

4.3.2.3Coastal systems

… Particularly to allow for the landward relocation of coastal ecosystems under a transition to a 1.5°C warmer world, planning for climate change would need to be integrated with the use of coastlines by humans (Saunders et al., 2014; Kelleway et al., 2017)[reference …

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Chapter 44.34.3.2

4.3.2.2Forests and other ecosystems

… communities' priorities, needs, knowledge, and capacities, which aim to empower people to plan for and cope with the impacts of climate change ’ (Reid et al., 2009). The integration of CbA with ecosystems-based adaptation (EbA) has been increasingly promoted, especially in …

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Chapter 44.34.3.2

4.3.2.1 Agriculture and food

… crop varietal selection and improving irrigation efficiency. Adaptations such as these may increase wheat and maize yields by 7–12% under climate change (Challinor et al., 2014). CA can also help build adaptive capacity (medium evidence, medium agreement) (H. Smith et al., …

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Chapter 44.34.3.1

4.3.1.5Options for adapting electricity systems to 1.5°C

Climate change has started to disrupt electricity generation and, if climate change adaptation options are not considered, it is predicted that these disruptions will be lengthier and more frequent (Jahandideh-Tehrani et al., …

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Chapter 44.34.3.1

4.3.1.1 Renewable electricity: solar and wind

… 100% renewable electricity (IEA, 2017c) as this meets multiple social, economic and environmental goals and contributes to mitigation of climate change (REN21, 2017).

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Chapter 44.24.2.2

4.2.2.3Disruptive innovation

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Chapter 44.24.2.2

4.2.2.2Transformational adaptation

In some regions and places, incremental adaptation would not be sufficient to mitigate the impacts of climate change on social-ecological systems (see Chapter 3). Transformational adaptation would then be required (Bahadur and Tanner, 2014; Pant et al., 2015; …

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Chapter 44.24.2.2

4.2.2.1Mitigation: historical rates of change and state of decoupling

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Chapter 44.24.2.1

4.2.1.2 Implications for Adaptation Along the Reviewed Pathways

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