Figure 13.5

Figure 13.5 | Total fossil fuel subsidies, 2010–2019, in USD billion (USD2021 for IMF, USD2019 for others). Source: data from OECD (2020) (43 countries, mainly production subsidies), IEA (2020) (40 countries, mainly consumption subsidies), IMF (Parry et al. 2021; explicit subsidies for all countries).