Figure 3.25
Figure caption
Figure 3.25 | Implemented and potential future adaptations in ocean and coastal ecosystems.
(a) Global implementation since 1970 of (top) cumulative habitat-restoration projects (Duarte et al., 2020), (middle) cumulative area-based conservation protected area (MPA total) (Boonzaier and Pauly, 2016), no-take areas (UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre et al., 2018; UNEP-WCMC, 2019) and (bottom) percentage of total fish stocks rebuilt (Kleisner et al., 2013).
(b) Adaptation pathways for coral reefs to maintain healthy cover (line weight: solid lines, likely effectiveness; dashed lines, more likely than not to likely ; dotted lines =unlikely to more likely than not ), with confidence noted for each intervention (Section 3.4.2.1, 3.6.3.2; Anthony et al., 2019; National Academies of Sciences, 2019)
(c) As in (b), but for mangrove ecosystems. (Underlying data are available in Tables SM3.4–3.6.)